Additionally, we investigated the changes of atmospheric sulfur sources and sulfur concentrations using an isotopic graphic analysis at five industrial cities , two forested areas, and two remote areas in China. Our results indicate that atmospheric sulfur pollution in most of the industrial cities decreased, while at the two forested areas, no significant changes were observed, and a new anxiousness coming from new energy sources e.
Studies on the change of ambient SO2 concentrations support these results. Full Text Available This paper presents a framework of objectives and indexes for sponge cities implementation in China. The proposed objectives and indexes aims to reflect whether the city is in accord with the sponge city.
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Different cities have different objectives and indexes as each city has its own geologic and hydrogeological conditions. Therefore, the main problems e. According to the local conditions, four objectives and eleven indexes have been made as a standard to estimate the sponge city and set a goal for the city development to reach the goal of sustainable urban development. The strategy of process control was implemented to improve the standard of urban drainage and flood control facilities, regulate total runoff and reduce storm peak flow, and the ecological monitoring of the function of the rivers and lakes.
The objectives of sponge cities include water security, water quality improvement, healthy water ecosystems, and water utilization efficiency. Urban flood prevention capacity, river and lake water quality compliance, and annual runoff control are the key objectives to encourage the use of non-conventional water resources. There is, however, little comprehensive evaluation on the environmental performance and the regional difference of strictly-environmental-monitored cities in China.
In this paper, the environmental performance of strictly-environmental-monitored cities in China is evaluated in terms of natural performance, management performance, and scale performance by Data Envelopment Analysis DEA, incorporating PM2. The empirical results show that: 1 At present, the natural performance is quite high, while the management performance is noticeably low for most cities.
The efficiency value of large-scale cities such as Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Shenzhen, etc. For example, the environmental efficiency level of the Pan-Pearl River Delta region is superior to that of the Pan-Yangtze River region and the Bahia Rim region, whose values of environmental efficiency are 0. Finally, corresponding countermeasures and suggestions are put forward. The method used in this paper is applicable.
Analyzing the causes of urban waterlogging and sponge city technology in China. With the rapid development of social economy in China , increased urban population, and rapid urbanization cause serious problems, for example, a heavy rain in the city inevitably leads to waterlogging, which poses a great threat to the livelihood and property security. Disaster due to urban flood is a key problem that restricts the development of urban ecology in China.
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The reason is the sharp increase of impermeable surface ratio in urban areas, leading to a decrease in rainfall infiltration and increase in surface runoff. To effectively solve the urban waterlogging, China proposed the construction of sponge city. This paper analyzes and summarizes the reasons for the formation of urban waterlogging, and introduces the concept of the sponge city technology to prevent waterlogging.
A study on sustainable urban water management in small and medium sized cities in China. Along with the implementation of national urbanization and modernization strategy in China , the urban scale and quantity are increasing systematically. In this process, the role of water is irreplaceable.
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Urban water system is a multipurpose and integrated system. Considering China 's economic and social development requirements, there are many rigorous problems in exploitation, utilization, operation and management of urban water resources comparing with some developed cities in the world. Evolving walkability of major cities in the People's Republic of China. Context: Walkability is an important element for assessing urban sustainability.
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Objectives: We aim to develop a composite walkability index. We intend to use it to evaluate the spatio-temporal evolution of the walkability of PRC cities in the context of the rapid urbanization. Methods: We developed a comprehensive walkability index that integrates five aspects of the urban built e Internal migration and regional differences of population aging: An empirical study of cities in China. In addition to birth and death, migration is also an important factor that determines the level of population aging in different regions, especially under the current context of low fertility and low mortality in China.
Drawing upon data from the fifth and sixth national population census of prefecture-level cities in China , this study explored the spatial patterns of population aging and its trends from to in China. We further examined how the large-scale internal migration was related to the spatial differences and the changes of aging by using multivariate quantitative models.
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Findings showed that the percentage of elder cities i. We also found that regional imbalances of population aging have changed since in China. The gap of aging level between East zone and the other three zones i. West, Central, and North-east has considerably narrowed down.
In , Eastern region had the greatest number 65 of and the largest proportion By , the proportion Results from multivariate quantitative models showed that the regional differences of population aging appear to be affected much more by the large-scale internal migration with clear age selectivity and orientation preference than by the impact of fertility and mortality.
Population aging is expected to continue in China , which will in turn exacerbate regional imbalances. Policies and implications are discussed to face the challenges that the divergent aging population may present in China. The benchmarks of carbon emissions and policy implications for China 's cities : Case of Nanjing. The development of urbanization is accelerating in China , and there are great pressures and opportunities in cities to reduce carbon emissions.
An emissions inventory is a basic requirement for analyzing emissions of greenhouse gases GHGs , their potential reduction and to realize low-carbon development of cities. This study describes a method to establish a GHGs emissions inventory in Chinese cities for 6 emission sources including industrial energy consumption, transportation, household energy consumption, commercial energy consumption, industrial processes and waste.
Nanjing city was selected as a representative case to analyze the characteristics of carbon emissions in Chinese cities. These results have important policy implications for Chinese cities to control their carbon emissions. A sub-nationwide survey of outdoor and indoor Rn concentrations in China by passive method. From Nov. The highest of Typical apartment houses and offices built of brick and concrete were also surveyed for indoor Rn concentration. The annual mean of indoor Rn concentration in the 10 cities was The outdoor and indoor Rn concentrations showed a clear seasonal pattern with the minimum in summer and the maximum in winter.
And they also showed a clear geographic distribution tendency; they were higher in inland than in seashores, and higher in the south than in the north. The ratios of indoor to outdoor Rn concentrations were from 1. The annual effective dose equivalents resulting from outdoor and indoor Rn concentrations amounted to about 0. The highest was in Guiyang , and the lowest was in Nantong, being 1. The development of small cities has been adopted as the main strategy to make full use of extra labor in the rural areas of China.
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The ecological and economic consequences of this development will affect over million people and change the organization of agricultural systems Land subsidence caused by groundwater exploitation in Suzhou City , China. Suzhou City , located at the lower reaches of the Yangtze River in southeastern Jiangsu Province, is one of the few cities in China which suffer from severe ground settlement.
A research project was carried out to investigate this problem. Geological and hydrogeological studies show that there is a multi-layered aquifer system with three distinct, soft mud layers of marine and lagoonal origins. An examination of historical records of groundwater extraction, water levels, and ground settlement shows that the ground subsidence is associated with the continuously increasing groundwater extraction in the deep, confined aquifer.
It is believed that the consolidation of the soft mud layers, especially the third layer which is thick and close to the main pumped aquifer, contributes to the ground settlement. A three-dimensional finite difference numerical model representing the multi-layered aquifer system was developed to study the ground settlement in response to groundwater extraction. By calibrating the model with both the measured groundwater level and ground settlement, the aquifer parameters were estimated. The model outputs fit reasonably well with the observed results, which indicates that the numerical model can reproduce the dynamic processes of both groundwater flow and soil consolidation.
The gradual deterioration in the hydraulic conductivity of the mud may have significant adverse effect on the sustainable groundwater resource of the deep confined aquifer, since the recharge from the shallow aquifers through the mud layer is the only source of water to the deep aquifer. An analysis of the spatial distributions of groundwater drawdown and ground settlement shows that the area with maximum drawdown is not necessarily the area with maximum ground settlement due to the occurrence of the soft mud layer.
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Migration's influences on citizenship education were widely discussed in the literature. However, most studies were based on international migration that drew experience from, for example, North America and Europe. Less attention was paid to internal migration or developing areas. This article takes China as an example, which is a country that has…. To know the situation of tobacco advertisement, promotions and related factors in six cities in China.
The most commonly reported channels that smokers noticed tobacco advertisements were billboards The most commonly reported tobacco promotional activities that were noticed by smokers were free gifts when buying cigarettes It was universal to see tobacco advertisement and promotions in cities in China but the laws and regulations about tobacco-control were not uniformly executed in different cities.
It is necessary to perfect and uniform related laws and regulations. Full Text Available With support of GIS tools and Theil index, the spatial variance of urban energy consumption in China was discussed in this paper through the parallel comparison and quantitative analysis of the 30 provincial capital cities of mainland China in , in terms of scale, efficiency and structure.
The indicators associated with urban energy consumption show large spatial variance across regions, possibly due to diversities of geographic features, economic development levels and local energy source availability in China.