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Having been diagnosed with HIV or having a sexual partner with a known HIV positive status, did not show any significant association with condom use at last sex among women in Umlazi Township.

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The sexual behaviour of women who reported to have more than one sexual partner in the past 3 months was risky, given the inconsistent condom use and exposure to STIs. This finding may be supported by the fact that women who are exposed to partner violence may find it difficult to negotiate condom use. The findings of this study are consistent with the findings of similar studies conducted in comparable settings [ 21 , 22 ]. Similar findings were shown in a study conducted in Tanzania [ 21 ].

Despite some similar findings to a study conducted in Tanzania, some aspects are contradictory, in as far as the associations between condom use and multiple sexual partners among women are concerned [ 21 ]. However, in Ethiopia, participants who were on antiretroviral therapy ART and had multiple sexual partners were more likely to engage in risky sexual behaviour [ 22 ], and this pattern was observed in both males and females alike.

In this study, we found no evidence to suggest that HIV positive status of women had any significant influence on condom use in multivariate analysis. This supports the importance of strengthening HIV education among women and their sexual partners, given the risks of HIV infection. Although this study did not precisely focus on contraceptive use, linking these behavioural changing patterns among women is important, given the concerns they are raising.

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Similar to this study, risky sexual behaviours among participants whose partners were HIV positive was also shown in Ethiopia [ 22 ]. Interventions aimed at encouraging women to delay sexual debut and intentional condom use at first sexual encounter are imperative. While this study provides an important contribution in the field of sexual and reproductive health, it has notable limitations. However, the participants of this study represented all the 10 public health clinics in Umlazi Township. Therefore, the insights gained from the participants will likely be relevant to other public health clinics in similar settings in South Africa.

This study sought self-reported sexual health information from participants, thereby making the findings vulnerable to social desirability bias. Furthermore, information deemed to have the potential for leading to judgements may have been withheld by the participants. Some participants may have been unable to recall whether or not a condom was used at last the sexual encounter, leading to incorrect information provided. Older participants may have been unable to recall the age at which they had sexual debut. This may have contributed to reporting bias. Given the cross-sectional nature of the study design, it is not possible to establish a cause-and-effect relationship between study variables.

We further recommend that such programmes may be integrated into school-health programmes to reach younger women, but also include men. Some of the factors previously reported to have significant associations with condom use at last sex among women were not supported by the results of this study. Understanding sexual health and its role in more effective prevention programs. Google Scholar. Evidence on factors influencing contraceptive use and sexual behavior in South Africa: a systematic scoping review protocol. Evidence on factors influencing contraceptive use and sexual behavior among women in South Africa: a scoping review.

Correlates of unintended pregnancy among currently pregnant married women in Nepal. Sexually transmitted infection risk behaviors in rural Thai adolescents and young adults: support for gender-and age-specific interventions. Sex Transm Dis. J Interpers Violence. Statistics South Africa. Mid-year population estimates Pretoria: Statistics South Africa; South African national HIV prevalence, incidence and behaviour survey, Prevalence and patterns of gender-based violence and revictimization among women attending antenatal clinics in Soweto, South Africa.

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Am J Epidemiol. Associations between recent gender-based violence and pregnancy, sexually transmitted infections, condom use practices, and negotiation of sexual practices among HIV-positive women. Human Sciences Research Council. The fifth south African national HIV prevalence, incidence, behaviour and communication survey, HIV impact assessment summary report.

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Department of Social Development. In: Development of Social Development, editor. Pretoria: Department of Social Development; The National Development Plan Pretoria: The Presidency; Patterns of self-reported behaviour change associated with receiving voluntary counselling and testing in a longitudinal study from Manicaland, Zimbabwe. AIDS Behav. Lancet Glob Health. Census Pretoria.

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Socio-demographic determinants of condom use among sexually active young adults in rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Contraceptive use and associated factors among South African youth 18—24 years : A population-based survey. South Afr J Obstet Gynaecol. Lauritsen JM, Bruus M. EpiData entry version 4.

A comprehensive tool for validated entry and documentation of data. Stata Statistical Software: Release Role of condom negotiation on condom use among women of reproductive age in three districts in Tanzania. BMC Public Health. Risky sexual behavior and associated factors among antiretroviral therapy attendees in Nekemte Referral Hospital, Western Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. Correlates of consistent condom use among recently initiated and traditionally circumcised men in the rural areas of the eastern Cape Province, South Africa.

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Age at sexual debut: a determinant of multiple partnership among south African youth. Afr J Reprod Health. Predictors of male condom use among sexually active heterosexual young women in South Africa, Download references. The authors would like to thank Catherine Connolly for support provided on statistical analysis. The content hereof is the sole responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the SAMRC or the funders.

MH conceptualized and designed the study, as well as prepared the initial draft. KH and KP reviewed the study. All the authors reviewed the draft and approved the final version of the manuscript. Correspondence to Mbuzeleni Hlongwa. A written informed consent was obtained from the study participants prior to their enrolment. The two research assistants went through the informed consent with the potential participants in a language preferred by the participants.

The study adhered to sound ethical standards including confidentiality, voluntariness of participation and full disclosure of the research process.


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