Xiapu in Fujian province is also reported to be the site for the prototype so-called travelling-wave reactor TWR-P. The first two in China were planned to start construction in at Sanming, Fujian province see see section below on Sanming. Desalination would be part of the role. Bohai Shipyard at Huladao is the sole builder of nuclear submarines. In early CGN tendered for construction of an "experimental ship platform" metres long, 30 metres wide, with a displacement of 30, tonnes, dynamic positioning capabilities, and powered by two 25 MW reactors.
There are plans for 20 more. In September , the State Council approved plans for two units at Sanmen, followed by six units at Yangjiang two to start with , these to be or MWe reactors pioneering Generation III nuclear technology from overseas. The Sanmen in Zhejiang province and Yangjiang in Guangdong province reactors were subject to an open bidding process for third-generation designs, with contracts to be awarded in mid — in the event, mid — putting them clearly into the 11th Five Year Plan.
This open bidding process underlined the extent to which China is making itself part of the world nuclear industry, and yet at first remaining somewhat ambivalent about that.
Some experts spent over a year evaluating Generation III designs and in September most of the 34 assigned to decide voted for the AP The key factors in choosing this were passive design, simplified safety system, modular construction giving more rapid build and better cost control, and smaller components allowing more ready localization. The USA, French and Russian governments were reported to be giving firm support as finance and support arrangements were put in place. The US Nuclear Regulatory Commission gave approval for Westinghouse to export equipment and engineering services as well as the initial fuel load and one replacement for the four units.
Bids were for the nuclear portion of each plant only, the turbine tenders to be called for subsequently. Areva and Westinghouse were short-listed. However, the decision on reactor type was delayed, and came under review at the highest political level, with CNNC evidently pushing for the use of indigenous second-generation designs for both sites. In December , 22 months after the bids were submitted and after several revisions to them, the Westinghouse AP reactor design was confirmed for the four units — two each at Sanmen and Yangjiang. Early in , the two units planned for the Yangjiang site were switched to Haiyang in the more northerly Shandong province, making way for two EPR units Areva was in negotiations to build at Yangjiang.
Later in , plans for the EPRs under consideration for Yangjiang were transferred to another Guangdong site — Taishan — since there was pressure to build a lot of capacity quickly at Yangjiang. In December the Chinese and US governments signed the intergovernmental agreement for the construction of AP projects in China and technology transfer. Sanmen site works commenced in February and full construction on Sanmen 1 — the world's first AP unit — officially commenced on 19 April The reactor was initially expected to begin operation at the end of with the second less than one year later.
First fuel was loaded into Sanmen 1 in April , the unit was grid connected in June and entered commercial operation in September First fuel was loaded into Sanmen 2 in July , the unit was grid connected in August , and entered commercial operation in November First concrete at Haiyang 1 was in September , and the pressure vessel was installed in January First fuel was loaded into Haiyang 1 in June , the unit was grid connected in August , and entered commercial operation in October First fuel was loaded into Haiyang 2 in August , the unit was grid connected in October , and entered commercial operation in January Construction has been slower than planned, the main problem being with US-made main coolant pumps four in each reactor.
These worked well in normal operation but had insufficient inertia to continue long enough for full passive safety effectiveness when not powered. This is also a milestone enabling modified pumps to be supplied to seven other AP units under construction in both China and the USA. Extensive reviews and detailed post-test inspections by the NNSA confirmed performance as designed during the final testing.
Ltd SNPEC , a SNPTC subsidiary, for technical support for the first two Dafan, Xianning units in Hubei province, including engineering and design management, project controls, quality assurance, construction management and project management. The Sanmen 1 reactor pressure vessel arrived on site from Doosan in July The turbines boost the capacity of the reactors from their original MWe to MWe gross.
In January , a further agreement was signed with SNPTC to deploy further AP units, and to extend the technology cooperation agreement for another two years. SNPTC said the deal also included measures "to develop cooperation in the field of overseas markets. In June Westinghouse confirmed that as part of the earlier construction agreement it would transfer intellectual property rights to SNPTC. In September Westinghouse said that it expected to be involved in orders for eight further units, followed by 12 more inland and 12 on the coast.
This deal was not expected to involve the technology transfer which is central to the Westinghouse contracts, since the EPR has multiple redundant safety systems rather than passive safety systems and is seen to be more complex and expensive, hence of less long-term interest to China. However, negotiations with Areva and EDF dragged on and in August it was announced that the EPR project had been shuffled to Taishan in Guangdong so that six CPR units previously planned for that site could be built at Yangjiang as soon as possible. The joint venture partners will put up CNY TNPC was responsible for overseeing the building, then own and operate the plant.
EDF is project manager and architect for the Flamanville 3 EPR project in France, and this initiative consolidates its change in corporate strategy outside France. CGN authorised construction at Taishan in July and first concrete was poured in October , though the official inauguration ceremony was not until 21 December. The first unit was initally expected to be connected to the grid early in with commercial operation two months later, and the second was to be completed in The first generator was shipped by DEC in August In December unit 1 entered commercial operation.
In June unit 2 was grid connected, and in September it entered commercial operation.
CGN has The first two nuclear power plants in mainland China were at Daya Bay near Hong Kong and Qinshan, south of Shanghai, with construction starting in the mids. China's first economic plan was in and began China's centrally planned industrialization under Mao Zedong.
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It incorporated the construction of eight nuclear power plants, though the timeline for contracts was extended, putting the last two projects into the 11th plan. The Eleventh Economic Plan for the years set even more ambitious goals than the Tenth for new nuclear plant construction, and marked a watershed in China's commitment to third-generation reactors, such as the Sanmen plant in Zhejiang province and Haiyang plant in Shandong province see section above on Reactor technology as well as maturing of CPR technology.
However, construction starts were delayed following the Fukushima accident, and all the inland plants were put on hold. More than 16 provinces, regions and municipalities announced intentions to build nuclear power plants in the 12th Five Year Plan so that nuclear plants would be operating or under construction in all coastal provinces except Hebei. Provinces put together firm proposals by and submitted them to the central government's National Development and Reform Commission NDRC for approval during A great many proposals were received, many of which were deferred to the 13th Plan.
In CPI had plans to achieve 14 GWe of operational capacity by , with 10 GWe under construction then, at nine sites with 40 units. The complex ownership structure of Chinese nuclear plants is described in Appendix 1: Government Structure and Ownership, and China's considerable heavy engineering and manufacturing capacity is detailed in the information page on Heavy Manufacturing of Power Plants.
The capacity at the end of was for eight sets of reactor equipment per year — over MWe. On the people and skills front, 47 colleges and research institutes have nuclear major, and more than graduate each year in 10th Five-Year Plan, 11, in 11th Five-Year Plan.
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This limits national and provincial electricity investors relative to the three major nuclear utilities. These are essentially on the one site in Guangdong province, close to Hong Kong. Commercial operation of the two Daya Bay units was in February and May There were long outages in when Framatome had to replace major components.
Reactor vessel heads were replaced in Construction started in May and Ling Ao 1 started up in February entering commercial operation in May. Ling Ao 2 was connected to the grid about September and entered commercial operation in January CNNC's Qinshan 1 in Zhejiang province km southwest of Shanghai, is China's first indigenously-designed and constructed nuclear power plant though with the pressure vessel supplied by Mitsubishi, Japan.
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Construction work spanned 6. It was shut down for 14 months for major repairs from mid CNNP applied for a year licence extension in , to take the unit past In October , Qinshan 1 was shut down for a major upgrade. The entire instrumentation and control system was replaced, along with the reactor pressure vessel head and control rod drives. Areva NP supervised the work, with a view to extending the operating lifetime beyond the original 30 years, and in January the NNSA concluded a safety review which said it was safe to uprate and extend the operating lifetime by 20 years, to In April , an upgrade to the turbine increased capacity, and in March the NEA approved a licence amendment to increase nominal capacity from to MWe.
Unit 1 started up at the end of and entered commercial operation in April Unit 2 started up in March , with commercial operation in May Construction of the second stage of Qinshan Phase II was formally inaugurated at the end of April , though first concrete had been poured for unit 3 in March. That for unit 4 was poured in January After 53 months' construction, unit 3 was grid-connected on 1 August , and entered commercial operation 12 weeks later 6.
Unit 4 was grid-connected in November and entered commercial operation in April CNNC claims that Qinshan phase II "is the first independently-designed, built, managed and operated large commercial nuclear power station in China. Construction began in and unit 1 started up in September and unit 2 in April They are each about MWe net.
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The first unit was grid connected in May and put into commercial operation in June The second was grid connected in May , with commercial operation in August Design life is 40 years. Unit 1 started up in June with grid connection in mid-July, 54 months after construction start, and entered commercial operation in September.
Unit 2 was grid connected in May, 60 months after construction start, and commenced commercial operation on schedule in August It is included in IAEA figures for operational reactors. From it expected to commission three units per year and, from , four units per year. It projected a total of MWe wind by CNNC pointed out that there was room for 30 GWe of further capacity by in coastal areas and maybe more inland such as Hunan "where conditions permit". Its development projects since than have changed to some extent as described below. Where construction has started, but has not been formally announced, the dates are marked in bold.
It is likely that some planned CAP units beyond about 30 in total will be displaced by Hualong One. Nuclear power units proposed.
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Some of these entries are based on uncertain information. For a number of units listed under "Further proposals" no expected model is given. This is the first nuclear power station receiving central government approval to build four units at the same time, and the first in northeast China. Construction of the first unit of the Hongyanhe nuclear power plant in Dalian, Liaoning, started in August It uses CPR reactors for units , and in the cold water there they are each CGN will be responsible for the project construction and the operation of the first five years after commercial operation, with full participation of CPI.
First power from unit 1 was expected in July , but after delays over it started up in January and was grid connected in February, with commercial operation in June. Unit 2 started up in October , was grid connected in November, with commercial operation in May Unit 4 started up in March and was grid connected early April 78 months construction, after fuel loading was suspended for several months and due to low demand it was not due to start full commercial operation until , but this was brought forward to September Construction of CGN's six-unit Ningde nuclear power plant commenced in This is on three islands in Fuding city in northeast of Fujian province, and the first construction phase comprises four CPR units.
It marks a significant step into nuclear power for Datang. Construction of the first unit started in February , and it was grid connected in December after 58 months. It was declared in commercial operation in April First concrete for the second unit was in November , it was grid connected in January , with commercial operation in May. Construction start for the third was in January and for the fourth at the end of September Grid connection for unit 3 was in March , with commercial operation in June. Grid connection for unit 4 was in March with commercial operation in July. Construction of the six-unit Fuqing nuclear power plant km south of Ningde also commenced in at Qianxe, Fuqing city in Fujian, between Fuzhou and Putian.
First concrete for unit 1 was poured in November , for unit 2 in June , for unit 3 in December , and for unit 4 in September or October , almost immediately after NNSA authorization. Unit 1 started up in July , was grid connected in August after 69 months' construction and entered commercial operation in November.
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Unit 2 started up in July and was grid connected in August after 74 months' construction and started commercial operation in October.