However, no significant diurnal pattern is observed for the other two seasons. It should be also noted that the PM 2. This study analyzes PM concentration data collected from the newest air quality monitoring network of the Ministry of Environmental Protection of China in major cities during April to April The annual averaged concentration of PM 2.
The winter maximum PM 2. Furthermore, more frequent occurrences of stagnant weather and temperature inversion during the cold period may facilitate the accumulation of air pollutants. Alternatively, more frequent occurrences of precipitation and mixing of transported clean air mass result in a strong deposition, dispersion and dilution of PM 2.
Moderately high PM 2. The diurnal pattern of PM 2.
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In Beijing and Guangzhou, a pronounced daily variation of PM 2. Finally, CO is used to normalize PM 2. Our results demonstrate that the spatial-temporal distribution of PM 2. In order to obtain a more comprehensive picture of source and formation mechanism of fine particulate matter pollution over national wide China, the real-time chemical composition of PM 2. NOx, SO 2 , O 3 , CO and volatile organic compounds as well as meteorological conditions should be simultaneously investigated in a fine spatial-temporal resolution in future. A major challenge for assessments of PM 2. This paper provides one of first datasets including PM 2.
Based on annual hour PM 2.
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All studied regions show a nonlinear relationship of PM 2. Hoek et al. Taken together, this study highlights the significantly high health risk from fine particulate matter pollutions and difficulties in achieving air quality targets in China. Therefore, China needs much more effective policies and research that could mitigate complex PM 2.
Future epidemiologic studies are urgently required to provide direct estimation of relationship of PM 2. Cumulative distribution of annual mean PM 2. The national air quality monitoring network is continuously operated and maintained by Department of the Environment for each city. The network comprises of stations in 74 cities since , which is now extended to monitoring stations in cities Table S1 and S2 from At each monitoring site, the real-time mass concentrations of PM 2.
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Gas pollutants such as SO 2 , NO 2 , CO are measured using the ultraviolet fluorescence method, the chemiluminescence method and the gas filter correlation infrared absorption or the non-dispersive infrared absorption method , respectively, by a set of commercial instruments. The real-time hourly PM 2. The data present in this study was obtained from the website during the period from Apr to Apr The hourly and h daily concentrations of all the air pollutants were the averages of the hourly data from all monitoring sites in the city. Time-series 3-hour resolution of planetary boundary layer depths were obtained from the U.
Statistical analyses are carried out using t-test Excel when comparisons are made. How to cite this article : Zhang, Y. Fine particulate matter PM 2. Zhang, R. Meteorological conditions for the persistent severe fog and haze event over eastern China in January Zhang, Y. Fossil vs. Zhang, Q. Wang, G. Molecular, seasonal and spatial distributions of organic aerosols from fourteen Chinese cities.
Cao, J. Spatial and seasonal distributions of carbonaceous aerosols over China. Winter and summer PM2. Air Waste Manage. Chan, C. Air pollution in mega cities in China. Huang, R. High secondary aerosol contribution to particulate pollution during haze events in China. Nature , — Guo, S. Elucidating severe urban haze formation in China. He, H. Mineral dust and NOx promote the conversion of SO2 to sulfate in heavy pollution days. Sci Rep 4, Asian Development Bank, Pope III, C. Health effects of fine particulate air pollution: Lines that connect. Pope, C.
Air pollution and life expectancy in China and beyond. USA , — Yang, F. Characteristics of PM2. One-year record of organic and elemental carbon in fine particles in downtown Beijing and Shanghai.
Introduction
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Environmental Health 12, The real-time air quality monitoring data. Download references. The support of Xiao-Yan Liu and Mengyin Bao for acquisition of air quality and population data is gratefully acknowledged.
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4. Reprints and Permissions. Sci Rep 5, Download citation. Received : 24 June Accepted : 02 September Published : 15 October Atmospheric Environment Scientific Reports Remote Sensing Atmosphere By submitting a comment you agree to abide by our Terms and Community Guidelines. If you find something abusive or that does not comply with our terms or guidelines please flag it as inappropriate. Advanced search. Retrieved 26 September Archived from the original on 28 July Retrieved 30 December Archived from the original on 3 January Archived from the original on 28 March Archived from the original on 2 January Archived from the original on 15 May Archived from the original on 25 February Archived from the original on 3 December High-speed rail in China.
High-speed demonstrative maglev. Shanghai maglev train Xianning—Changsha maglev test line Planned. Nanchang—Ganzhou —Shenzhen —Hong Kong. Suifenhe—Mudanjiang —Harbin —Qiqihar —Manzhouli. Beijing—Zhangjiakou —Hohhot —Baotou —Lanzhou. Qingdao—Jinan —Shijiazhuang —Taiyuan —Yinchuan. Guangzhou—Nanning —Kunming. Other conventional high-speed railways list. High-speed railway lines.