Fleas of the species Archaeopsylla erinacei were found on 19 hedgehogs of 34 hedgehogs Highest occurrence of infestation in both tick and flea was in June. Among three seasons of hedgehog collection significant differences was observed p Iran. It has been believed that land use changes in Lake Urmia basin is one of the most important factors in shrinkage of Urmia Lake in recent decades. Transforming the traditional agricultural practices i. In this study we assessed the effect of the land use changes of watershed in hydrological runoff processing in the Nazloo chai watershed, one of the most important river basins of the Urmia Lake basin.
Actually the rapid and at the same time unreasonable transformations of land use in farm lands of Urmia lake sub basins, extremely has been raised the amount of blue water surface or groundwater consumption in watershed which leads to dramatic decrement of watershed runoff amounts. One of the most unfavorable consequences of land use change was changing the blue and green rainwater insofar as it does not become runoff water usage patterns in watershed, in addition to water use increment. The soil and water assessment tool SWAT , one of the most important and reliable models which was used to model the rainfall runoff, has been used in current study.
The land use maps were extracted from Landsat images archives for the most severe turning points in respect of land use change in the recent 30 years. After calibrating the model, several land use patterns of historical data were used in the model to produce the runoff. The results showed the strong relation between land use change and runoff reduction in the Lake Urmia basin.
Background: The trematodes of the genus Fasciola the liver flukes are among the well-known instances of food-borne parasites worldwide. Differentiation of Fasciola species is important because of their different transmission and epidemiological characteristics.
The current study was undertaken to discriminate Fasciola species in the domestic ruminants of Urmia city, Iran. Methods: Adult flukes were isolated from the naturally infected livers of the slaughtered water buffaloes and sheep. The flukes were initially identified based on morphological and morphometric parameters.
Results: Based on the morphometric examination, the flukes belonged to F. While the phylogenetic reconstruction justified, to some extent, the morphological diagnosis, it failed to segregate F. Conclusion: To resolve fully the problem of taxonomy and evolution in Fasciola species, employing a broad range of molecular and morphological approaches is necessary.
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This is crucial for epidemiological surveys and successful clinical management of their infection. A palynological study based on two m long cores from Lake Urmia in northwestern Iran provides a vegetation record spanning ka, the longest pollen record for the continental interior of the Near East.
During both penultimate and last glaciations, a steppe of Artemisia and Poaceae dominated the upland vegetation with a high proportion of Chenopodiaceae in both upland and lowland saline ecosystems. A pronounced expansion in Ephedra shrub-steppe occurred at the end of the penultimate late-glacial period but was followed by extreme aridity that favoured an Artemisia steppe. Very high lake levels, registered by both pollen and sedimentary markers, occurred during the middle of the last glaciation and late part of the penultimate glaciation.
The last interglacial period Eemian , slightly warmer and moister than the Holocene, was followed by two interstadial phases similar in pattern to those recorded in the marine isotope record and southern European pollen sequences. Personal beliefs of medical students may interfere with their tendency for learning Complementary and Alternative Medicine concepts.
This study aimed to investigate the knowledge and attitudes of medical students toward complementary and alternative medicine in Urmia , Iran. A structured questionnaire was used as data collection instrument.
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One hundred questionnaires were returned. Thirty-one percent of students reported use of alternative medicine for at least once. Iranian Traditional Medicine was the main type of alternative medicine used by medical students Neuromuscular disorders were the main indication of alternative medicine use among students Thus, there appears a necessity to integrate complementary and alternative medicine into the medical curriculum, by taking expectations and feedbacks of medical students into consideration. Comparison of prescribing indicators of academic versus non-academic specialist physicians in Urmia , Iran.
Objective: As chief prescribers, physicians could have a key role in rational drug use. Core prescribing indicators of all physicians have been evaluated in the Islamic Republic of Iran for several years, but no study has assessed the effects of academic status of doctors on their prescribing behaviors. We aimed to compare prescribing indicators of two groups of academic and non-academic specialist physicians working in Urmia , Iran. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, prescribing indicators of the total number of 37 academic and non-academic specialist physicians in six medical specialties infectious diseases, psychiatry, otorhinolaryngology, gynecology, pediatrics and general surgery were studied during using Rx-analyzer, a dedicated computer application.
Findings: Totally, , medications in , prescriptions were studied. For academic and non-academic specialist physicians, the average number of medications per prescription was 2. The corresponding figures for antimicrobial agents were The average costs of every prescription were 6.
Dying Lake Urmia reflects a broader problem in Iran
All the above-mentioned differences were statistically significant. Conclusion: Better prescribing patterns were observed in academic specialist physicians. However, they prescribed medications that were more expensive, while the reason was not investigated in this study. Further studies may reveal the exact causes of these differences. The Lake Urmia environmental disaster in Iran : A look at aerosol pollution. Intriguingly, salt emissions from the LU surface associated with ongoing desiccation do not drive the study region's AOD profile, whereas pollution transported from other regions and emissions around LU are more important.
Signatures of increasing local crustal emissions are most evident outside of the peak dust season January, February, and October and on the periphery of LU. AOD has generally increased in the latter half of the study period with the onset of the AOD ramp-up starting a month earlier in the spring season when comparing versus earlier years. Results indicate that suppression of emissions on the LU border is critical as the combined area of salt and salty soil bodies around LU have increased by two orders of magnitude in the past two decades, and disturbing these areas via activities such as grazing and salt harvesting on the lake surface can have more detrimental impacts on regional pollution as compared to benefits.
These results have important implications for public health, climate, the hydrological cycle, and pollution control efforts. All rights reserved. Pediculosis capitis is cosmopolitan health problem. In addition to its physical problems, its psychological effects especially on pupils are more important. This study was conducted to determine the Pediculosis capitis among primary school pupils and also find out the role of probable related risk factors in Urmia city, Iran Presence of adult or immature lice or having nits less than 1 cm from the hair basis were defined as positive. Data about demographic features and factors which their effect should be determined were recorded in standard questionnaire.
Data were analyzed by SPSS software with proper statistical test. Girls show significantly greater infestation. The availability of suitable warm water for bathing and hair length separately in girls and boys are significantly related to infestation load as well as infestation among different age groups.
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There was no significant relation between parent's education and job and infestation as well as bathing repetition per week and the kind of energy source which they have. Also there is no significant correlation between educational grades and head lice infestation. The head louse pediculosis is a health problem and remains a health threatening for school children. Effective risk factors should be determined carefully and regionally. Proper training plays a great role in order to prevent and control the problem.
Introduction
Today, domestic violence against women is a growing epidemic that can be observed in many countries. This study was carried out to determine the types of domestic violence against women who were referred to the Legal Medical Organization of Iran in Urmia , Iran in The descriptive survey included demographic information, abuse screening, and items regarding partner involvement. Data was gathered using face-to-face structured interviews. The study population included , women 18 years of age or older, and data was collected about their demographic characteristics and the types of domestic violence they experienced.
SPSS software version 16 was used for the analyses. No significant relationships were observed between violence and unemployment, increasing age, and home ownership. The prevalence of abuse reported by women in this population suggests that many women that are referred to the Legal Medical Organization of Iran may have a history of abuse. Abused women may have different reasons for seeking a divorce.
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If routine screening for abuse is included in counseling, health providers will have the opportunity to develop a safety plan and initiate appropriate referrals. Droughts are extreme events characterized by temporal duration and spatial large-scale effects. In general, regional droughts are affected by general circulation of the atmosphere at large-scale and regional natural factors, including the topography, natural lakes, the position relative to the center and the path of the ocean currents at small-scale , and they don't cover the exact same effects in a wide area.
Therefore, drought Severity-Area-Frequency S-A-F curve investigation is an essential task to develop decision making rule for regional drought management. This study developed the copula-based joint probability distribution of drought severity and percent of area under drought across the Lake Urmia basin, Iran. To do this end, one-month Standardized Precipitation Index SPI values during the were applied across 24 rainfall stations in the study area.