It went through nine stages of repairs between the 42nd year of King Sukjong's reign and the 2nd year of King Heonjong's reign , as it was designated as an army post of Chungcheong-do. Chungju Sanseong in Chungju was a strategic point used by Silla for advancing toward the central region of Korea. It was a fortress located between Chungju-si, then Gukwon sogyeong Secondary Capital city in the Silla Kingdom , and Gyerimryeong ridge.
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It is assumed that Chungju Sanseong was abandoned after being used as a military base of Gukwon sogyeong. Deokju Sanseong in Jecheon was a site where the local residents of Chungju fought against the invading Mongolian army at the end of Goryeo Dynasty. It was constructed to defend Gyeripryeong ridge, the most important mountain path in the Sobaeksan Mountains. As seen by the legend of Ondal's fortifications, Ondal Sanseong was located at the border between Goguryeo and Silla. It was built and operated by the Silla Kingdom as Silla expanded its territory northward across the Sobaeksan Mountains.
Jangmi Sanseong in Chungju was a strategic point where one could simultaneously command waterways and land routes. This site was constructed when the Baekje Kingdom held its court at Hanseong.
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It was used by Goguryeo after its southward advance, while it was reused by Silla during its northward advance. Mireuk Sanseong in Goesan was the largest mountain fortress in Goesan built in the Goryeo Dynasty and the construction method of that period is preserved in a nearly perfectly intact state.
Since its construction in A. Although only one-fourth of the fortress wall has survived, the recent archaeological research investigating the construction method has revealed that the fortress wall of the time of initial construction still remains below the collapsed position. The Map of Sangdang Sanseong, produced in , illustrates several sites in the Sangdang Sanseong; they include a government office, a ruined gate, a main building of the government office, an office of the sucheobgun, a jipsacheong, an office of jaegagun, warehouses for arms and explosives, the western platform for a commander, the eastern platform for a commander, Guryongsa Temple, Namaksa Temple, Jangdaesa Temple, a library in the government office, a storehouse for the monk army, four ponds, and one well.
It allows us to examine the features of the garrison of the Chungcheong army during the Joseon Dynasty. In addition, according to investigations of the main fortress wall, the remains at the time of initial construction, including the western platform for a commander, the eastern platform for a commander, a site of contravallation, and the west gate, have survived intact.
It is considered that Chungju Sanseong in Chungju, based on the peripheral remains of Gukwon sogyeong of Silla Kingdom, was used for a limited time. Archaeological investigation in central Korea identified a fortress gate with a trapdoor and the remains of a catchment made in the Silla style. Four-fifths of the fortress wall remains. Deokju Sanseong in Jecheon is a single stonebuilt fortress, which consists of four-fold fortress walls of large scale with a circumference of approximately 15 km.
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The fortress wall is a structure of both inside and outside support. On a steep rock slope, the natural rock bed is used as the fortress wall. The inner side of the south wall of the middle fortress is built into a staircase. It is a construction method specific to the Joseon Dynasty.
A gwanseong on the north and the other gwanseong on the south are equipped with a north gate and south gate respectively. They were built to block Gyeripryeong ridge which was a main road that linked the Namhangang River with the Nakdonggang River and was a major traffic route in the Sobaeksan Mountains. In the Joseon Dynasty, the present middle fortress wall functioned as the inner fortress, while the fourth fortress wall, surrounded by the northern and southern gates, functioned as the outer fortress.
The first fortress wall, which was an upper fortress and the third fortress wall, which was a lower fortress, are considered to be remains of the Goryeo Dynasty. The third fortress wall is related to the inner fortress wall that was newly built in the middle of the Joseon Dynasty. The south gate of Deokju Sanseong is equipped with a unique staircase for climbing up the fortress on the west, and has a pond within it. It possesses the most perfect gate with accompanying facilities.
As such, it is very important site in the history of fortifications. Deokju Sanseong is a large-scale mountain fortress which optimizes the topography of layered valleys of Deokjugol Valley and Songgyegyegok Valley. It inherited a tradition of gwanseong of Goguryeo and demonstrates the further development of building methods. It served as a major traffic route after the opening of Gyeripryeong ridge.
The remains of national defense sites and Buddhist sites are also preserved there. Most fortress walls of Ondal Sanseong in Danyang remain. A recent archaeological survey confirmed that it was constructed by Silla in the identical style used in Samnyeon Sanseong. Recent archaeological research confirmed that Jangmi Sanseong in Chungju was initially built by Baekje and later operated by Goguryeo and Silla by turns. Most of the fortress wall of Jangmi Sanseong was well-maintained and was in active use during the Silla period, confirming that the construction method was well preserved.
The recent investigation of Mireuk Sanseong in Goesan confirmed that it was built in the Goryeo Dynasty. The surviving three-fifths of the fortress wall, consisting of inner and outer walls, allow us to examine the characteristics of medieval fortress.
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Samnyeon Sanseong at Boeun remains the most impregnable fortress among ancient mountain fortresses. It has fortress walls, of which both the outer and inner sides are built of stone, measuring 20 meters high, reinforcement facilities which strengthens the lower base of the fortress wall, a high and solid fortress wall, and a gate with trapdoor.
It is designed to show great defensive abilities. For example, the gate is placed slightly off from a valley or a ridge so as to lead the enemy, who approached from the valley or the gate, to make a detour along the fortress wall. It is optimized to watch over the approaching enemy by arranging half-circle shaped fortresses at both sides of the gate. In this respect, Samnyeon Sanseong can be said as the most defensive mountain fortress of the Three Kingdoms Period.
Sangdang Sanseong in Cheongju lies at the center of mid western Korea. It is located at an important intersection of traffic routes and is surrounded by wide, fertile plains. Sangdang Sanseong was used as a mountain fortress behind the eupseong town fortress on the plain since it was located at a key strategic point of political and military importance. It is larger than other mountain fortresses in Cheongju and used until the late Joseon Dynasty. The single-wall structure has been maintained until now. Answers entered in upper or lowercase are recognized as the same; however, you must use the exact format of your answer i.
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