Black speed dating in Chiclayo Peru

I would like to thank Madeline Cashion for all the great discussions we had about sharks. Her passion towards this group of fishes was contagious, and was also kind enough to review my English grammar more than once. Their diversity and adaptive nature has allowed them to occupy multiple habitats and ecological niches, showcasing a variety of life-history strategies to perpetuate their survival, whilst playing key ecological roles in the environments they inhabit Priede et al.

Shark populations, however, show evidence of declines due to both targeted overfishing and bycatch Worm et al. Moreover, sharks have received little attention from fishery managers and stock assessment scientist McAllister et al. These issues have prevented countries from adequately supporting initiatives that would bring them closer to developing fishing policies suitable for sharks, and have also lead to poor enforcement of the limited management measures in play Dulvy et al. Nonetheless, the uncontrolled removal of sharks from ecosystems has very real ecological and socio-economic consequences Ferretti et al.

The latter, however, are the least understood. Research on the values, behaviours, attitudes and actions of the people that depend on sharks is lagging well behind that which focuses on shark biology and ecology Simpfendorfer et al. For example, although sharks are known to be important for food security in developing nations Dulvy et al.

Improving our knowledge on these issues would allow for a better characterization of threats to shark populations, strengthening fisheries management plans and policies, as well as the quantitative evaluation of their outcomes McAllister et al. This is a priority for shark conservation, particularly in the developing world were food security concerns need also be addressed Dulvy et al.

Peru is a developing country with globally important shark fisheries Dulvy et al. However, Peruvian shark fisheries and their contribution to the national economy e. Because of this, for decades, shark conservation and management has not been a priority for the country. Thus, CPUE trends and their implications on the status of shark populations are hard to interpret.

This document highlights the need to improve our knowledge on the biological, ecological, social and economic dimensions of shark fisheries, as means to improve the design and assessment of nation-wide management and conservation strategies for chondrichthyans PRODUCE Furthermore, as suggested by Simpfendorfer et al. Thus, public data on shark landings, processing and international trade were used in Chapter 3 to: i reconstruct the shark catch required to sustain the Peruvian demand and supply of shark meat and fins, and to ii estimate the total and per capita apparent consumption of these products.

Both chapters raise issues regarding consumption patterns, seafood traceability and mislabelling of shark products. This in turn has led to their social marginalization, the legitimization of permissive harvesting rules, and the lack of action in favour of their recovery Jacques ; Simpfendorfer et al. For example, shark coverage by newspapers in Australia and the USA has focused almost exclusively on shark attacks and their negative effects on humans, neglecting other pressing issues such as their current conservation status or ecological roles Muter et al.

In Northeastern Brazil, lower levels of understanding of the situation faced by sharks and its implications on human well-being, and negative attitudes1 towards sharks among coastal citizens, have resulted in non-engagement and disregard for conservation actions seeking to safeguard shark populations Garla et al.

Similarly, negative public perceptions and lack of knowledge also played important roles in limiting community engagement for shark conservation initiatives in the UK Friedrich et al. Attitudes, knowledge and behaviors are closely related, influencing actions and decision making Mascia et al. John et al. Additionally, increased public awareness and understanding of environmental problems can help build the capacities required to solve them Steel et al.

These fields of research are lagging well behind other more traditional ones e. PAN-Tib highlights, among other things, the need to develop: 1 baseline information about the state of knowledge of sharks in Peru, and 2 training programs and communication campaigns to promote the conservation and sustainable use of sharks PRODUCE Methods 2. It consisted of 59 questions divided in seven sections: 1 Personal information; 2 Seafood consumption; 3 Relationship with the sea; 4 Knowledge about fisheries; 5 Seafood preferences; 6 Knowledge and attitudes towards anchoveta; and 7 Knowledge and attitudes towards sharks.

The implementation of individual surveys lasted approximately 40 minutes, and all surveys were conducted by professional pollsters hired by Oceana. Data collection took place between June and October Survey data provided by Oceana for this study were limited to the following information: 1.

Survey ID: A four-digit code that differentiates each individual survey. Year of birth: The year of birth of the participants.

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Gender: The gender of the participant. This question was only asked if the answer for the previous was yes. Do you believe that sharks are found in Peruvian waters? What species of shark are found in Peruvian waters? Answers included up to three common names for sharks. Answers included up to three words. The order of the previous list follows the order in which the questions were asked to the survey participants.

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Questions 6 and 9 both relate to shark consumption. The words sound the same in Spanish and convey the same meaning. Study area Peru has 25 first-order administrative divisions called Regions Law No. One city was selected within each Region for data collection purposes. The only exception to this rule was the Callao Region. Survey validation and estimation of the minimum sampling size Before the survey was conducted in the selected cities, it was validated by Oceana staff that interviewed 85 people in Lima during March The minimum sample size per city, estimated using Equation 2.

Data processing and analysis Descriptive statistics, correlations and statistical tests were computed using R ver. All variables were tested for normality Shapiro-Wilk and did not follow the normal distribution. Additionally, the demand of shark meat was estimated for each surveyed city by applying Equation 2. It is important to highlight that the proportion of REG within each city was subdivided between people who ate shark meat once a week fc: 52 dishes year-1 and twice a month fc: 24 dishes year Attitude scores and profiles Attitudes towards sharks were explored via word association, a qualitative method commonly applied in psychology Roininen et al.

The premise of this technique is that the first words that come to mind -in relation to an object or concept- are the most relevant for the person Donoghue ; De Andrade et al.

The words provided by the survey participants Question 10, Section 2. Words were classified and scored as negative -1 point , neutral 0 points and positive 1 point. Values for all attitude scores range between -1 and 1. Finally, Attitude Profiles AP were developed for each surveyed city based on the frequency of occurrence of words within each sub-category; allowing to further characterize the words and concepts most associated with sharks.

Results 2. General results A total of surveys were conducted along the Peruvian coast, exceeding the minimum sample size in all cities. A general description of the participants i. Additionally, Ilo had the highest proportion of females Proportion of shark meat consumers Shark meat is popular amongst coastal Peruvians, as However, shark meat can be purchased using different names in the local seafood markets Appendix Most shark meat consumers The remaining consumers stated that had eaten shark meat under both names Participants born in the s were In other words, only Mollendo and Tumbes followed, but in those cities the proportions only reached Frequency of shark meat consumption Shark meat consumers were mostly regular As expected, the frequency of shark meat consumption was not homogeneous along the Peruvian coast Figure 2.

The cities with the highest proportion of regular consumers were Chiclayo Ilo 7.

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Most regular No significant correlations were found between the decade of birth of the surveyed population and their rate of consumption4. The proportion of regular consumers with university level education was significantly higher than that of consumers with technical post-secondary studies.

Nonetheless, no significant differences were found between the remaining levels of education and the frequency shark meat consumption Table 2. Finally, after accounting for non-consumers, only The total shark meat demand SMD for the surveyed cities ranged between Nonetheless, per capita SMD was highest in the cities with the greatest proportions of regular consumers. Knowledge about sharks More than half of the surveyed population However, results differed between cities Figure 2. Tumbes had the highest proportion of people that knew that sharks were found in Peruvian waters Only Conversely, Trujillo For instance, a participant born in the s was Additionally, less than half of the participants that replied that sharks were present in Peru could name one or more shark species When expressed as proportions of the total surveyed population, only Participants recognized a total of nine shark species present in the waters off Peru Table 2.

In Lima, Piura, Chiclayo, Mollendo, Trujillo and Tacna, the average number of shark names mentioned per participant fell below the national average. However, Ilo, Tumbes, Piura and Pisco were the cities with the highest proportions of participants mentioning three names Figure 2. General attitudes towards sharks The surveyed population mentioned 5, words associated with sharks i.

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Only fourteen words were repeated by more than participants, constituting These were: fear Most words mentioned by participants had negative connotations As neutral Females IAS were significantly lower than those of males Figure 2. IAS of participants with secondary and technical studies did not differ significantly, nor did the IAS of participants with elementary education with all other levels of academic training Figure 2.

Tacna —0. Together with Lima —0.

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Trujillo —0. AAS for Piura —0. The most common words per sub-category are included in Table 2. Attitude Profiles AP differed between cities Figure 2. On the other hand, the cities with lowest AAS were those were NF was largest and represented a greater proportion of their total word frequency than EBK. Additionally, these three cities i. This emphasizes that fear is the main driver for their negative attitudes towards sharks. Discussion 2. Disinformation and shark meat consumption Sharks have been part of the Peruvian diet for many centuries Rostworowski ; Prieto and continue to do so.

Survey results suggest that shark meat consumption is common along the coast, but not necessarily frequent, as seven in ten coastal Peruvians claim to have eaten shark meat and only two of them describe themselves as regular consumers.

Also, as younger participants were less 15 prone to claim to have eaten shark meat Figure 2. Additionally, shark meat consumption was not homogeneous along the Peruvian coast. Seafood consumption is heavily influenced by fish availability in local markets, price accessibility for consumers and culinary traditions Myrland et al. Thus, it is not surprising that cities found in the northern regions of Peru concentrated a larger proportion of shark meat consumers Figure 2.



Nonetheless, the proportion of shark meat consumers and the frequency at which they claim to eat sharks might be biased. The landings of these species have declined over time, and currently represent a smaller proportion of the total shark landings registered in Peru Appendix Figure A. To some extent, shark mislabelling in Peruvian seafood markets is expected.

On one hand, it seems counterintuitive that seafood consumers would seek to purchase shark meat given the highly negative attitudes that coastal citizens have towards them Myrland et al. For example, recognition of shark species by government officials that monitor small-scale fisheries landings is prone to species misidentification and uses non-informative common names Velez-Zuazo et al. Once these specimens reach the seafood markets they can either be sold as whole sharks, fillets, medallions or steaks or even chopped into tiny pieces for preparing ceviche pers.

Additionally, visual identification of sharks down to species level becomes very difficult, and virtually impossible, as processing increasing, making it easier for mislabelling to remain unnoticed in most markets of the country. Moreover, the usefulness of molecular methods for species diagnostics, such as genetic barcodes, is highly restrictive in developing countries like Peru due to costs Velez-Zuazo et al.

It is important to highlight that the economic status of Peruvians has improved over time, particularly in the coastal regions De la Puente et al. The apparent consumption of shark meat has significantly increased since see Section 3.