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Furthermore, the Official Gazette was published daily on the net since and the Council of State had moved to exclusive electronic free publishing of its case law in the same year. Since , the parliament has its draft bills documents and hansards debates in full text on the web. All these public and free of charge databases were warmly welcomed by users, who slowly turned away from the private owned sources in legislation and case law. E-publishing since The Full Text Era To meet the challenge from the new public websites, Kluwer published Judit and TWS see below together on the web in early , calling the "new" database Jura.
Furthermore, other legal publishers woke up from their paper dream and started trying to set up electronic databases themselves. Between and , some separate journals created a website with full text, without much ado. This was an attempt to respond to the declining interest in its loose-leaf products and their CD-ROM versions. In the meantime, Kluwer Connexion still exists. Then in , Larcier published a complete new website called Strada, offering various full text resources, including some important law reviews.
This was a breakthrough, and was almost instantly spring followed by an important enlargement of the content of Jura with full text of most law reviews that Kluwer publishes.
Not much later, autumn , Jurisquare appeared on the scene, regrouping three other publishers Intersentia, Die Keure and Bruylant. In an attempt to challenge the market leader Jura, the two new databases Strada and Jurisquare, joined forces autumn , by offering each other journals on both their websites. Outnumbered in the quantity of e-journals by both Strada and Jurisquare, Kluwer started to add more content to Jura by increasing the number of loose-leaf works in online form in Jura, their Kluwerconnexion meeting with very little success anyhow.
All this means that in the three-year time , we went from almost no commercial e-full text at all, to an overall availability of the majority of all-important journals and loose-leafs. Spring marked the restart new interface, new URL of the governmental Juridat case law database see below with the intention of adding more lower case law in the future, but until now, this attempt clearly failed, it is still very much limited to Cassation case law. Between and all three databases got new interfaces with new types of search facilities.
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Jurisquare introduced facetted searching in , followed in by Jura and Strada. Renamed Strada lex at this occasion, this platform also introduced the automatic translation of search terms Dutch-French and a word cloud with related terms alongside the search results. In , Jurisquare managed to make a deal with Kluwer to offer the Jura-owned journals on its website, just as it did with Strada in This means that now Jurisquare is a one-stop shop for nearly all legal journals of the country. Larcier and Bruylant which were formerly two separated publishers merged in and were bought out by the French publisher Editions Lefebvre Sarrut in Recent Changes and Prospects The interface of Strada lex has changed several times adding contents or moving features around as the word cloud.
This was the same on Jura as the advanced search was quite reduced to its smallest share. Since last years, there were a few changes to the search engine as the features of the autocompleting search, predictive text on both Jura and Strada lex. E-publishing: enter e-books. Legislation, case law and journals gone all online between and , the next step could only be online books. Strada lex was the first database to publish e-books systematically in , being Larcier imprints. After the take-over of Bruylant in they added Bruylant publications.
However, access to the online book was only possible by buying the paper books. This cautious business model to preserve the printed market has only been changed very recently in , with contracts with law firms offering global access to e-versions of books only. Separate epub versions are still scarce with Larcier.
Jurisquare started online books in , introducing a package going 5 years back to From the start, access to ebooks on Jurisquare could be bought apart from paper versions. In , more than books are available, only through Jurisquare, no e-reader formats. Finally, Jura introduced ebooks in , but only a limited selection of the Kluwer paper publications, whereas Stradalex and Jurisquare have every paper book also electronically.
Apart from Jura, Kluwer publishes separate titles in e-reader format, again only a selection of the printed collection. In Belgium, legislation is, in theory, the one and only primary source of law. In practice, case law and secondary sources are quite important too.
Classic fields of law have been "codified" into specific codes, a process started by Napoleon with the Civil Code in Belgium was French territory at the time. However, codification is still going on today, e. Although the importance of these codes in everyday legal practice is high, they are a piece of legislation as any other law, undergoing continuous changes. The biggest databases have thousands of different laws, one of them being the updated Civil Code.
International Treaties When an international treaty is ratified by Parliament in some cases the question may rise which of the six! Therefore, all international treaties appear in the Official Gazette in one of the original languages of the treaty, mostly as an appendix to that law. Sometimes one or more translations are added, with official status or not. Databases like Juridat or Jura have the texts of all-important treaties Belgium has signed and ratified. Since , the federal Foreign Affairs Department offers on its website a Treaties Database with all treaties since that Belgium has signed.
It tells exactly whether or not a treaty is in force. The databases of the Belgian Council of State offers also an access to treaties since to today. It holds the treaties mentioned in the two volumes of the De Troyer work and then the treaties published in the Official Gazette after European Union Legislation European "regulations" have immediate force of law in the Member States, and they appear in the Official Journal of the EU, as do "directives" and other official documents.
All this can be found on Eur-Lex , the major legal database of the EU. Regularly, the Belgian Official Gazette sums up these regulations as a mere form of information, not reproducing the texts themselves. The National transposition measures can also be found on Eur-lex and it is possible to have an insight of them in the Belgian Council of State Database Reflex Europe.
Documents of the European Parliament can be found on here. The former Celex has been abolished. The original constitution from was severely revised between and Therefore, a new version was issued on 17 February Since then, more changes have taken place, all of them incorporated in the official version on the website of the Senate , in Dutch or French. Before , French was the only official language; Dutch translations were sometimes added but with no official status.
Only in the s, important older laws like the civil and criminal code were officially translated in Dutch and published in the Official Gazette. Recently, German translations of important laws are published for the small less than , citizens German speaking community. It has a search engine for full text. In , the government stopped the publication of the paper version, quite an extraordinary decision at that time.
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However, since , due to a judgment of the Constitutional Court, a limited number of paper copies are available again in local libraries, for people with difficulties in accessing the Internet. Note that the above links will not lead you directly to the Official Gazette, but to the general website of the Federal Justice Department, only the next page will present you the Gazette, amongst other features of that website. Pasinomie dates back to , which is particularly interesting for very old texts, sometimes including parliamentary debates, but is in French only.
Omnilegie started in and is in Dutch and French.
It was renamed "Tijdschrift voor Wetgeving" in and now contains scholarly articles as well. The days of these chronological series are over of course, because they are published always too late and even then, they do not consolidate the texts. The database is very interesting for high-level legal research.
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The search engine offers lots of possibilities, and texts are in Dutch and French. Actually, this legislation database is part of a set of databases; other databases involve case law and a bibliography of legal texts, all of them published by the Justice Department.
They will all be mentioned in this guide later. The name of this legislation database is indeed "Consolidated Legislation", if you can call that a name. However, the mentioned total set of databases from the Justice Department has been called Justel, Judoc, E-justice, Juridat and even Justel again. You can reach them in different ways:. The Parliament and the Council of State have likewise developed their own databases over the years. So finally, in an effort to sum this all up and somehow trying to end the confusion, the government created another website with an apparently very clear name, BelgiumLex.
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BelgiumLex is not a database itself; rather it is a portal to give an overview of all governmental legal databases, pointing to the various databases from the Justice Department, the Parliament and the three highest courts. However, it might not end the confusion, because it gives access to legislation and case law at the same time.
Furthermore, it points to databases like refLex from the Council of State. Reflex is a legislation database without full text, but it will give the complete history of every article of a law in all its details. To get to the full text, links are established between refLex and Justel consolidated legislation database. This idea of linking the various governmental databases is an important feature of BelgiumLex. Regions and Cultural Communities Vlaamse Codex: All regional Flemish legislation appears in the Official Gazette and most of it can be found in the databases Justel public and Jura private owned.
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However, the Flemish government offers also a free database on its website with all Flemish legislation since beginning of the eighties. Vlaamse Codex has good search possibilities and offers consolidated texts. Wallex and Gallilex: All regional Walloon legislation appears in the Official Gazette and most of it can be found in the databases Justel public and Jura private owned. However, the Walloon government offers also a free database on its website with a selection of its legislation, called Wallex.
The French Community has its own Gallilex. The legislation of the Brussels-Capital region and the German speaking community can be found in the databases Justel public. Online specific legislation Various federal and regional government departments and other official organizations have developed interesting websites with legislative databases on specific legal topics. They offer not just laws and regulations, but also lower administrative rulings etcetera. Some examples are:. This CD was derived from a huge loose-leaf series with the same name, which used to be the primary source of consolidated legislation for two decades.
In January , they included this database on their general legal database, Jura , that also includes case law and more see below. The consolidation of texts in Jura has been done completely separate from Justel or refLex, so this represents another, private owned, consolidation of the same Belgian legislation. Dutch and French texts are available.
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Unlike the official databases, Jura is not for free, since it is from a commercial publisher. By the way, the set TWS-reeks continues to exist on paper. Great shower too. Central location on a walking street Downside - parking is a pain in the butt. The place they recommend is super hard to find Hallways and stairs are super narrow Hard to find someone from reception. Date of stay: December Trip type: Traveled on business.