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Three other important factors are also worth noting. Unlike much of western art, attributions to specific artists are much less likely to be recorded when it comes to Indian miniatures — often works are ascribed instead to a particular school, princely court or geographical area. But where works can be attributed to a known hand, prices can be very high indeed. Secondly, and slightly in contradiction to the nomenclature, the size of Indian miniatures can also be significant. Large-scale watercolours are often highly sought after — partly because they are rarer but also because they often depict multiple figures which may allow for a more detailed narrative element.
They can also be more striking when hanging on the wall. Finally, as with all works on paper, condition and market freshness inevitably play a key part in determining demand.
Significantly, however, the top four went to four different buyers from three regions: India, Europe and the US. These included a couple of relatively large-scale works with some identifiable features that made them choice pieces for collectors. One of them offered at the July 14 sale was a depiction of prayers and recitations at the Muharram festival in Patna in northern India, an event where the Muslim population commemorated the death of Imam Hussein at Karbala AD.
Dating from c. Although the edges were trimmed, was in good condition. The image was in keeping with works of Sewak Ram c. Bihar Sharif is the headquarters of Nalanda district and the fifth-largest sub-metropolitan area in the eastern Indian state of Bihar. Its name is a combination of two words: Bihar , derived from vihara meaning monastery , also the name of the state; and Sharif meaning noble.
It eventually became the capital of Magadha , and then part of the Muslim Delhi Sultanate in the late 12th century, though local Rajputs soon re-established effective control. In the early 14th century, it was permanently captured by the Delhi Sultanate.
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Bihar Sharif was later ruled by other Muslim dynasties and then the British until Indian independence in The city has important Jain, Buddhist, Hindu and Muslim heritage and landmarks. As far as funding is concerned, the municipal corporation would continue to receive annual funding until the completion of the Smart Cities project, which was initially supposed to come to an end in the fiscal year but is now likely to be extended up to the fiscal year — It became the capital of the Magadha kingdom from the rule of the Pala Empire. Odantapuri is considered to have been the second-oldest of India's Mahaviharas , and it was located at the foot of Bari Pahari English: Big Hill.
According to Tibetan records it housed about 12, students and was an important centre of Buddhist learning.
Acharya Sri Ganga of Vikramashila was a student there. The monks of Odantapuri are credited with propagating Buddhism in Bhutan. In , during the time of Ikhtiyar ad-Din Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khilji 's conquest of Bihar, he came to conquer eastern parts of India and destroyed Nalanda University. En route to Nalanda, he allegedly damaged the Buddhist monasteries of a place now called Bakhtiyarpur. He then came to Vihar, where he completely destroyed Odantapuri University, and the Buddhist viharas before leaving for Nalanda.
A few years after Khilji's departure, local Bundela Rajputs regained control of the city from its Muslim rulers. Bundela Rajputs then ruled the area until the reign of Raja Biththal. Delhi Sultan Muhammad bin Tughluq r. After a fierce battle, the outnumbered Raja army was defeated and Raja Biththal was killed.
The conquest of Bihar was a major achievement for Delhi, and on this occasion the Sultan conferred upon Syed Ibrahim Mallick the title of "Madarul Mulk", after which he was called "Mallick Baya". After that it was amalgamated with the Muslim kingdom of Gauda. Patna became a central place and Bihar Sharif lost its importance.
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However, Bihar Sharif continued to be enriched with buildings by the Muhammedans, and its sacred tombs have been visited by pilgrims for many centuries till modern day. In , the city was officially declared a municipality.
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It is situated at the foot of Badi Pahari a. Hiranya Parbat and on the bank of the Panchanan Panchane River. The land around Bihar Sharif is very fertile, with alluvial soil deposited by several rivers. Agriculture is the main economic activity of Bihar Sharif, with crops including cauliflower, potato, mustard seed and other vegetables, which are sold to neighbouring states.
The region is well known for extensive production of vegetables and there are research centres of vegetables located here. Tourism to nearby sites like Nalanda , Rajgir and Pawapuri also boosts the city's economy, as do footwear and garments manufactured by household industries. As of , [update] the city had a major beedi cigarette industry which employed 15, people, mainly Muslims and some lower-caste Hindus.
As of the [update] India census , Bihar Sharif had a population of ,, [13] up from , in [14] and around , in Most Muslims speak Urdu and belong to the Sunni Hanafi denomination. The Koyri and Baniya are old settlers [ vague ] while others have moved from villages around the city. According to the census, Being the district headquarters, it has a major transport hub and has regular bus service to all other major destinations in the region.
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NH 33 and NH 20 intersects each other in the city. The city is also served by Public City Bus Service. Bihar Sharif became third city in Bihar to have this service after Patna and Gaya. Bihar Sharif Junction is on the Bakhtiyarpur-Tilaiya line , part of the national broad gauge network.