Republic of Indonesia. FLAG: The national flag, adopted in , consists of a red horizontal stripe above a white stripe. There are coins of 1, 2, 5, 10, 25, 50, and rupiahs, and notes of , , 1,, 5,, and 10, rupiahs. The Republic of Indonesia consists of five large islands and 13, smaller islands about 6, of which are inhabited forming an arc between Asia and Australia. With a total area of 1,, sq km , sq mi , Indonesia is the fourth-largest Asian country, after China , India , and Saudi Arabia.
Comparatively, the area occupied by Indonesia is slightly less than three times the size of the state of Texas. It extends 5, km 3, mi e — w and 2, km 1, mi n — s. Indonesia's total land boundary length is 2, km 1, mi. Its coastline is 54, km 33, mi. The Indonesian archipelago consists of three main regions. One of the regions consists of Sumatra, Java, Kalimantan, and the islands that lie between them, which stand on the Sunda shelf, where the ocean depths are never more than m ft.
Another region consists of Irian Jaya and the Aru Isles, which stand on the Sahul shelf, projecting northward from the north coast of Australia at similar depths. Between these two shelves are the Lesser Sunda Islands, the Maluku Islands Moluccas , and Sulawesi, which are surrounded by seas with depths that reach 4, m 15, ft. The large islands have central mountain ranges rising from more or less extensive lowlands and coastal plains. Many inactive and scores of active volcanoes dot the islands, accounting for the predominantly rich volcanic soil that is carried down by the rivers to the plains and lowlands; there are over volcanoes.
Peaks rise to 3, m 12, ft in Java and Sumatra. Java, Bali , and Lombok have extensive lowland plains and gently sloping cultivable mountainsides. Extensive swamp forests and not very fertile hill country are found in Kalimantan. Sumatra's eastern coastline is bordered by morasses, floodplains, and alluvial terraces suitable for cultivation farther inland. Mountainous areas predominate in Sulawesi.
Earthquakes and tsunamis often devastate Indonesia. In , an earthquake off the island of Flores caused more than 2, deaths. More than people died in from an earthquake and tsunami in eastern Java.
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An earthquake in Sumatra with a magnitude of 7. A disastrous tsunami struck Indonesia and its neighboring Asian countries on 26 December Stemming from an underwater earthquake about km mi south off the coast of Sumatra, the city of Banda Aceh witnessed a minute earthquake, the longest ever recorded as of The devastation of the disaster crushed entire villages and most of the country's coastal region.
On 19 February , an earthquake measuring a 6. Simeulue experienced a 6. On 28 March , an earthquake measuring 8. One of the most powerful in a century, the disaster caused hundreds of deaths and severe damage to many homes. Nias felt additional quakes on 14 May at 6. Simeulue felt another quake of 6. Straddling the equator, Indonesia has a tropical climate characterized by heavy rainfall, high humidity, high temperature, and low winds. The wet season is from November to March, the dry season from April to October.
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Rainfall in lowland areas averages — cm 70 — in annually, increasing with elevation to an average of cm in in some mountain areas. In the lowlands of Sumatra and Kalimantan, the rainfall range is — cm — in ; the amount diminishes southward, closer to the northwest Australian desert. Altitude rather than season affects the temperature in Indonesia. There is slight daily variation in temperature, with the greatest variation at inland points and at higher levels. The plant life of the archipelago reflects a mingling of Asiatic and Australian forms with endemic ones.
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Vegetation ranges from that of the tropical rain forest of the northern lowlands and the seasonal forests of the southern lowlands, through vegetation of the less luxuriant hill forests and mountain forests, to subalpine shrub vegetation. The bridge between Asia and Australia formed by the archipelago is reflected in the varieties of animal life.
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The fauna of Sumatra, Kalimantan, and Java is similar to that of peninsular Malaysia, but each island has its peculiar types. The orangutan is found in Sumatra and Kalimantan but not in Java, the siamang only in Sumatra, the proboscis monkey only in Kalimantan, the elephant and tapir only in Sumatra, and the wild ox in Java and Kalimantan but not in Sumatra.
In Sulawesi, the Maluku Islands, and Timor, Australian types begin to occur — the bandicoot, a marsupial, is found in Timor.
All the islands, especially the Malukus, abound in great varieties of bird life, reptiles, and amphibians. The abundant marine life of Indonesia's extensive territorial waters includes a rich variety of corals. As of , there were at least species of mammals, species of birds, and over 29, species of plants throughout the country. An extensive "regreening" and reforestation of barren land, initiated under the — 79 national economic development plan, was greatly expanded and integrated with flood control and irrigation programs under the national plans for — 84 and — From the mids to the mids, Indonesia's forests and woodland areas increased by 1.
However, in — , the deforestation rate was about 1. Indonesia also has the world's most extensive mangrove area, which covered over 4 million hectares 9.
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Flood-control programs involve river dredging, dike strengthening, construction of new dams, and sandbagging of river banks at critical points. The burning of oil and coal along with the abuse of fertilizers and pesticides results in significant damage to the environment. The nation used 3.
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Legislation introduced in endorsed the establishment of penalties for environmental pollution. Protection of indigenous wildlife is entrusted to the Directorate of Nature Conservation and Wildlife Management. In , about According to a report issued by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources IUCN , threatened species included types of mammals, species of birds, 28 types of reptiles, 33 species of amphibians, 91 species of fish, 3 types of mollusks, 28 species of other invertebrates, and species of plants.
Endangered species in Indonesia include the pig-tailed langur, Javan gibbon, orangutan, tiger, Asian elephant , Malayan tapir, Javan rhinoceros , Sumatran rhinoceros , Sumatran serow, Rothschild's starling, lowland anoa, mountain anoa, Siamese crocodile, false gavial, river terrapin, and four species of turtle green sea, hawksbill, olive ridley, and leatherback. The Kalimantan mango, Buhler's rat, and the Javanese lapwing have become extinct.
The population of Indonesia in was estimated by the United Nations UN at ,,, which placed it at number 4 in population among the nations of the world. There were males for every females in the country. According to the UN, the annual population rate of change for — 10 was expected to be 1. The government was continuing efforts to curb population growth by reducing the fertility rate, which stood at 2. The government's goal was to reach a fertility rate of 2. The projected population for the year was ,, Some urban areas have density equivalent to 44, per sq km 17, per sq mi.
The capital city, Jakarta, had a population of 12,, in that year.
Other large cities and their estimated populations include Bandung , 4,,; Surabaya , 2,,; Medan, 2,,; Palembang, 1,,; Ujungpandang, 1,,; and Semarang, , Historically, there has been considerable migration from and to China. Following a decree banning foreigners from participating in retail trade in rural Indonesia, some , Chinese left Indonesia in — After the attempted coup of and the resultant deterioration in relations with China, many more Chinese left Indonesia.
Migration between the Netherlands and Indonesia has been greatly reduced since independence; at the time of independence, , Netherlands nationals — nearly all of whom have since returned home — lived in Indonesia. Resettlement of people from crowded areas to the less populous outer islands is official government policy. Participation was voluntary, and the actual number of families that resettled was about ,, containing about 1.
Since the annual population increase of Java is more than two million, the costly transmigration scheme did little to relieve that island's human congestion, but it had a considerable impact in developing sparsely settled areas. Each family was entitled to two ha five acres and was provided with housing, food, seedlings, fertilizers, pesticides, and other supplies that it could use to become productive. Under the — 91 plan, , families were resettled. First asylum was granted to over , Indochinese refugees between and Of these refugees, , were from Vietnam.
Of the Vietnam asylum seekers, , had left for resettlement in the West by , with the remaining group of Vietnamese expected to return home eventually. In there were , internally displaced persons in Indonesia. In that same year over 7, Indonesians applied for asylum in Malaysia, the United States , and Australia.