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Wikimedia Commons. State enterprise. Chemical , Pharmaceutical. Prafulla Chandra Ray. P M Chandraiah MD. Government of India. In , ruling power of the Nawabs were abolished and East India company took complete control of the city and the province. In the early 19th century, the marshes surrounding the city were drained; the government area was laid out along the banks of the Hooghly River.

Richard Wellesley , Governor-General of the Presidency of Fort William between and , was largely responsible for the development of the city and its public architecture.

In , a typhoon struck the city and killed about 60, in Kolkata. The coalescence of British and Indian culture resulted in the emergence of a new babu class of urbane Indians, whose members were often bureaucrats, professionals, newspaper readers, and Anglophiles; they usually belonged to upper-caste Hindu communities.

In , Calcutta was host to the first national conference of the Indian National Association , the first avowed nationalist organisation in India. The partition of Bengal in along religious lines led to mass protests, making Calcutta a less hospitable place for the British. The city and its port were bombed several times by the Japanese between and , during World War II. During the s and s, severe power shortages, strikes and a violent Marxist — Maoist movement by groups known as the Naxalites damaged much of the city's infrastructure, resulting in economic stagnation.

In , prime minister Rajiv Gandhi dubbed Kolkata a "dying city" in light of its socio-political woes. It was the world's longest-serving democratically elected communist government, during which Kolkata was a key base for Indian communism. The city's economic recovery gathered momentum after the s, when India began to institute pro-market reforms.

Since , the information technology IT services sector has revitalised Kolkata's stagnant economy. The city is also experiencing marked growth in its manufacturing base. Kolkata is located over the "Bengal basin", a pericratonic tertiary basin. The Kolkata metropolitan area is spread over 1, North Kolkata is the oldest part of the city. Characterised by 19th-century architecture and narrow alleyways, it includes areas such as Jorasanko , Rajabazar , Maniktala , Ultadanga , Shyambazar , Shobhabazar , Bagbazar , Cossipore , Sinthee etc.

It contains B. Bagh , formerly known as Dalhousie Square, and the Esplanade on its east; Strand Road is on its west. Two planned townships in the greater Kolkata region are Bidhannagar , also known as Salt Lake City and located north-east of the city; and Rajarhat , also called New Town and located east of Bidhannagar.

According to a United Nations Development Programme report, its wind and cyclone zone is "very high damage risk". The annual mean temperature is The highest recorded temperature is Often, in April—June, the city is struck by heavy rains or dusty squalls that are followed by thunderstorms or hailstorms, bringing cooling relief from the prevailing humidity. The highest monthly rainfall total occurs in July and August.

In these months often incessant rain for days brings life to a stall for the city dwellers. Pollution is a major concern in Kolkata. As of [update] , sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide annual concentration were within the national ambient air quality standards of India, but respirable suspended particulate matter levels were high, and on an increasing trend for five consecutive years, causing smog and haze.

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Once India's leading city, Kolkata experienced a steady economic decline in the decades following India's independence due to steep population increases and a rise in militant trade-unionism , which included frequent strikes that were backed by left-wing parties. The demonym for residents of Kolkata are Calcuttan and Kolkatan. Bengali Hindus form the majority of Kolkata's population; Marwaris , Biharis and Muslims compose large minorities. Bengali , the official state language, is the dominant language in Kolkata. Hindi and Urdu are spoken by a sizeable minority. As of [update] , about one-third of the population, or 1.

Kolkata is administered by several government agencies. Each borough has a committee of councillors, each of whom is elected to represent a ward. By means of the borough committees, the corporation undertakes urban planning and maintains roads, government-aided schools, hospitals, and municipal markets. Kolkata's administrative agencies have areas of jurisdiction that do not coincide. Listed in ascending order by area, they are: Kolkata district ; the Kolkata Police area and the Kolkata Municipal Corporation area, or "Kolkata city"; [] and the Kolkata metropolitan area , which is the city's urban agglomeration.

The agency overseeing the latter, the Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority , is responsible for the statutory planning and development of greater Kolkata.

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It scored 4. The Kolkata Port Trust, an agency of the central government, manages the city's river port. As the seat of the Government of West Bengal , Kolkata is home to not only the offices of the local governing agencies, but also the West Bengal Legislative Assembly ; the state secretariat, which is housed in the Writers' Building ; and the Calcutta High Court. Most government establishments and institutions are housed in the centre of the city in B. Bagh formerly known as Dalhousie Square. In the Bengal Government appointed George Turnbull to be the Commissioner of Drainage and Sewerage to improve the city's sewerage.

Turnbull's main job was to be the Chief Engineer of the East Indian Railway Company responsible for building the first railway miles from Howrah to Varanasi then Benares. The Eastern Command of the Indian Army is based in the city.

The U. Public transport is provided by the Kolkata Suburban Railway , the Kolkata Metro , trams , rickshaws , taxis and buses. The suburban rail network connects the city's distant suburbs. According to a survey conducted by the International Association of Public Transport , in terms of a public transport system, Kolkata ranks among the top of the six Indian cities surveyed.

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In , part of the Second line was inaugurated to cover part of Salt Lake. This east—west line will connect Salt Lake with Howrah The 2 lines cover a distance of As of [update] , four Metro rail lines were under construction. Buses , which are the most commonly used mode of transport, are run by government agencies and private operators. Water-logging, caused by heavy rains during the summer monsoon , sometimes interrupt transportation networks.

Almost all of Kolkata's taxis are antiquated Hindustan Ambassadors by make; newer air-conditioned radio taxis are in service as well. Due to its diverse and abundant public transportation, privately owned vehicles are not as common in Kolkata as in other major Indian cities. The city's main bus terminals are located at Esplanade and Babughat.

In , the airport was upgraded to handle increased air traffic. The Port of Kolkata , established in , is India's oldest and the only major river port.

According to the Indian National Family Health Survey, only a small proportion of Kolkata households were covered under any health scheme or health insurance. Kolkata's schools are run by the state government or private organisations, many of which are religious. Bengali and English are the primary languages of instruction; Urdu and Hindi are also used, particularly in central Kolkata.

Vocational programs are also available. James' School Kolkata , St. Xavier's Collegiate School and Loreto House , have been ranked amongst the best schools in the country. Aliah University which was founded in as Mohammedan College of Calcutta is the oldest post-secondary educational institution of the city. It was affiliated with the University of Calcutta until when it was converted to Presidency University, Kolkata in Jadavpur University is known for its arts, science, and engineering faculties. Kolkata also houses the prestigious Indian Institute of Foreign Trade , which was started here in the year Raman , [] and Amartya Sen.

Nobel laureate Sir C. Kolkata is known for its literary, artistic and revolutionary heritage; as the former capital of India, it was the birthplace of modern Indian literary and artistic thought.

Kolkata has many buildings adorned with Indo-Islamic and Indo-Saracenic architectural motifs. Several well-maintained major buildings from the colonial period have been declared "heritage structures"; [] others are in various stages of decay. The Victoria Memorial , a place of interest in Kolkata , has a museum documenting the city's history.