Many civilians are arrested and taken in trucks to an unknown destination.
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United Nations troops find these vehicles abandoned some days later. They count 68 bodies, all of them Baluba. Some estimates refer to 7, Baluba killed in North Katanga by Katangese gendarmerie between August and September Bakajika, ; Davister, The terror continues in until the forces of the United Nations in the Congo intervene to prevent military operations by the Katangese police in North Katanga. Katangese Government n. They are immediately taken to Kasengulu, where they are summarily executed.
He threatens to have them disarmed by the United Nations forces if this does not change. The brutality of the UN troops is condemned throughout the world. According to a Katangese source, Indian gurkhas from the United Nations finish off with submachine guns wounded Katangan police who have been taken prisoner during the capture of Radio Katanga. October: The bombardment of two villages of South Kasai by Katangese forces causes numerous civilian casualties. They are killed before being dismembered and partially eaten by their executioners.
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An unknown number of Congolese civilians are summarily executed by Gizengist forces. According to a Katangese source, after having subjected the city to intense bombing, Ethiopian UN troops deliberately kill 57 Western and Katangese civilians who have given themselves up. Boissonnade, ; Burlion, ; Katangese Government, n. On 29 September , President Kasa-Vubu dissolved Parliament to put an end to the attacks of the nationalist opposition, which constantly troubled the government of Prime Minister Adoula.
This decision provoked an extraordinary assembly of nationalist parties to organize secretly and to opt for the path of armed insurrection. This rupture consummated the long deterioration in the relations between radical Lumumbists and the moderates of the MNC Ndaywel, , To do this, fighters were summoned to celebrations in which initiates were sprinkled with a holy water.
This re-conquest caused a very high number of casualties among the civilian population and in the ranks of the Simba. As in the case of Kwilu cf.
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In most cases, these pitched battles turned into carnage. Persuaded by their leaders that they were invulnerable to bullets, the Simba advanced defenseless before the machine guns of the mercenaries, who mowed them down in successive waves. On 28 October, in face of the unstoppable advance of the ANC and mercenaries, President Gbenye declared all foreigners living in his zone of influence hostage and threatened to execute them if the United States of America and Belgium did not suspend their aid to the central government in Leopoldville.
This taking hostage of all foreigners by the Stanleyville government served as a pretext for direct intervention by Belgium and the United States. The same operation was repeated a few days later with the capture of the town of Paulis Dragon noir. This period of rebellions was especially conducive to mass violence committed by the different protagonists. The multiple killings committed by the rebels involved at least 20, victims. They literally decimated the elite and the middle class of the regions controlled by the rebellions Young, The first two categories were most often perpetrated by Simba, who came from outside and therefore did not personally know their victims, who were generally handed over by nationalist youth.
In some localities, lists of people to be eliminated were drawn up. The aim of these killings was to strangle any opposition at birth and impose the regime through terror, showing populations the fate that awaited all those who sought to oppose the Simba. Alongside organized killings, the captured regions were the scene of numerous sporadic, uncontrolled assassinations, carried out arbitrarily for tribalist reasons or simply for purposes of personal revenge.
The anarchical continuation of executions soon generated disgust among the populations. The executions are invariably entrusted to women or young girls, who stun the condemned with baton blows before burying them, sometimes still alive Verhaegen, ; Verhaegen, , At the same time, some youngsters who refuse to join the maquis are killed Verhaegen, The esoteric practices employed by rebel leaders lead thousands of supporters of Mulele directly to the slaughterhouse. Launched armed with assegais, bows and arrows and magic incantations against well-organized, modern armies, the Simba are invariably decimated.
A little later in the day, having recovered from their initial surprise, government forces retake control of the situation and capture thirteen Simba fighters.
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Taken to the police camp of Bagira, they are summarily executed by the policemen. Having briefly sympathized with the insurgents, and fearing reprisals in case of recapture of the town by the regular troops of Colonel Bobozo, the forces of order severely repress the insurrection: estimates vary from 55 to people killed, mainly civilians who had taken no active part in the events and whose only fault was to have witnessed their fraternization with the insurgents on 27 May. During the first weeks of the offensive, the Simba are defeated by the Warega at Kitutu and then at Mwenga in Urega country.
Several dozen fugitives are arrested and executed before being dismembered and eaten by the Rega warriors Verhaegen, For their part, the APL forces are not to be outdone. Initially, they attack policemen and military personnel who have not been able to escape, the principal notables civil servants, hereditary chiefs, etc. On 1 July, during the fall of Kabambare, several ANC soldiers who refuse to go over to the rebellion are executed. Other executions of the same kind occur in numerous villages of the region, as in Miki, where Ferdinand Mwambwa orders the killing of an unknown number of civilians, Kibangula 9 July , in the Nonda chiefdom 13 July , or in Kalima 26 July.
These executions further increase in scale with the fall of Kasongo 15 July and then Kindu 22 July. On 15 July, the district commissioner of Kasongo and several policemen are arrested and led to the riverbanks, where they are strangled on the orders of Victor Tshombaz, before being thrown into the water. The following day, 16 July, the first public executions begin. In the days that follow the fall of Kasongo, 30 people are strangled or beaten to death with rifles or spears in front of a crowd that is unenthusiastic but forced to applaud.
Executions occur throughout the region of Kasongo, as in Nyanga, where seventeen people are killed on 22 July. More blood flows in Kindu, where people some sources even give a figure of , most of them policemen and military personnel taken prisoner, are summarily shot by the Simba, often in front of their homes, after having been denounced by members of the local youth movement. The executions of notables and other PNP continue in organized fashion virtually uninterrupted from the end of July until October. It is impossible to give a precise estimate of the number of executions during the whole rebel period in Maniema.
For Kindu and the surrounding area, the purge carried out by the APL probably involved , victims. However, some observers cite a much higher toll of , killings. The executions are often carried out in public by Simba fighters. The tactic used by the rebellion to implant itself in the region consists in pushing the division of society into two antagonistic camps to extremes: PNPs policemen, civil servants, anyone who in the past has behaved in politically suspect fashion, etc.
The former are tracked down and executed or punished withy heavy penalties; the latter are baptized and enrolled in the rebellion. The manhunt of PNPs is an opportunity for numerous Maniema chiefdoms to seek to definitively eliminate rival chiefdoms and gives rise to much settling of scores. Seven other civilians are executed for the same reasons at Kampene and Katambwe Herady, ; Verhaegen, , In general, this purge is not as massive as in Kindu. In many places — for example, Butembo, Kibangula, Fizi or Kipaka — only a few individuals are denounced and executed on account of their political opinions or private quarrels.
However, the repression is much more widespread in the Urega, reputed to be hostile to the rebellion, and where APL forces had suffered heavy defeats at the hands of Rega warriors in the first weeks of the uprising. In many places, villages are systematically destroyed. In a number of cases, when the Simba do not manage to get their hands on their target, they attack family or clan members. At least people are thus killed in Kalima, and many others in Moyo, Pangi, Moga, Kailo, Lulingu, Kingombe and throughout the Urega country Masson, ; Verhaegen, July: 80 people suspected of sympathy for the rebels are killed by ANC forces in the Kabalo region.
Thus, several territorial agents are shot at Wembo-Nyama on 2 August. The capture of Katako on 6 August is followed by the execution of the territory administrator and his assistant, two hereditary chiefs and ANC soldiers who had been taken prisoner. On 11 August, an unknown number of civil servants, policemen and military personnel some sources mention a figure of 70 are executed in public in the courtyard of the hospital at Lodja. On 13 August, it is the turn of two prison guards to be shot in cold blood by Simba at Lusambo.
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Two days later, the APL shoot a dozen supporters of the National Party of Progress, the majority of them civil servants, in Lusambo stadium. The latter immediately set about tracking down intellectuals, anyone who is educated, has adopted a Western lifestyle, or has had a job with a white, even those who belong to a tribe that is out of, or even genuine Lumumbists who are victims of score-settling.
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Between 14 and 19 August, in Place Lumumba in Stanleyville, in front of a crowd at fever pitch, several hundred people according to some sources are shot or killed with machetes, before being dismembered by Simba commanded by Alphonse Kingis Lantier, ; Mueller, ; Nothomb, ; Quinteyn, ; Sonck, n. An unknown number of Congolese are thrown into the River Tshopo.
Moreover, 60 followers of the Kitawala sect are shot in the stadium. According to some sources, more than 2, people were thus executed by the Simba in Stanleyville during the sixteen weeks of the CNL administration. They seem to have been even more large-scale than in Stanleyville, since they allegedly caused , deaths.
The great majority of the Congolese of Paulis who know how to read and write are done to death with kicks, bludgeons, shards of broken bottles or blades, disemboweled, dowsed with petrol and burnt or killed by children and young adolescents supervised by Simba rebels. More than rebels, including many wounded, are executed, after having been tortured or crucified on the trunks of the palm trees that line the shopping street the length of the lake.
September: Faced with the advance of APL forces, the ANC carries out bloody reprisals against the population of the Beni region suspected of being favorable to the rebellion. Gunfire is heard almost everywhere, mainly near rivers where many people are executed, with a death toll of at least civilians. Tenders Posted. Tenders Closing. Department of Health and Human Servicesc U. Tender Type Live Archive. Private Tenders:. Tender Notice No. TI Ref No s. Congo Democratic Republic of Tenders. Selected CPV. Monetary sector 1.
Economic situation at end-March 1. Expenditure analysis 1. Analysis of budget expenditure by category 1. Medium-term macroeconomic prospects Chapter 2. Promoting good governance and consolidating peace through strengthened institutions 2. Security and judicial governance a. Security b. The judicial system c. Army d. Police e. Sexual violence 2. Political and administrative governance a. Public administration b. Local governance c. Elections 2.