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Reuse this content. Order by newest oldest recommendations. Show 25 25 50 All. Threads collapsed expanded unthreaded. Loading comments… Trouble loading? Most popular. For construction materials, such as limestone which is used to produce cement, contained negligible trace metals and metalloids, except Ni Table 3 , hence, the contribution from the construction materials would also be very small.

For non-carcinogenic effects of trace metal loid s on children and adults, the calculated overall risk and the corresponding contribution for each exposure pathway are summarized in Table 7. Ingestion of street dust particles appeared to be the main exposure pathway for As, Pb, Cr, Sb, Cd, Cu, Zn, Ni, Hg, and Co to children, followed by dermal contact and inhalation routes, respectively. In general, children had higher exposure doses for all three pathways than those of adults.

This was similar to other reports in Beijing, Nanjing, Shiraz, Urumqi, Huludao, and Luanda [ 7 , 21 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 52 ]. Exposure dose, hazard quotients, and hazard index of studied metal loid s for children and adults in Hezhang city. Note: Exposure dose, hazard quotients, and hazard index higher than 1 are shown in bold.

HIs of arsenic both for children 4.

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HI of Pb and Cr for children, with 1. However, according to De Miguel et al.

Arsenic has strong toxicity, mainly afflicting the mucous membrane by directly damaging the capillaries; lead absorption causes direct damage to the human nervous system, a fetus may suffer congenital mental decline, the elderly may suffer dementia; chromium can reduce the biochemical process of oxygen demand, resulting in asphyxia; chromium salt aggravates the stomach; antimony will damage the skin, but can also afflict the bones, liver, and kidney [ 54 ]. In terms of As, the calculated value of cancer risk, 4.

Cr risk 3. Arsenic in street dust was introduced by the Zn smelting activities and Cr was naturally enriched in the street dust as mentioned above. As a carcinogen, arsenic can cause lung and skin cancer and Cr can trigger lung cancer and stomach cancer if an excessive buildup of both elements occurs [ 55 ]. The results reflected a possible of cancer risk due to As and Cr exposure through exposure to street dust in Hezhang city, while further research should be undertaken to reveal the synergistic influence from Cr and As on human health. Daily exposure dose and cancer risk of metal loid s in street dust to population in Hezhang city.

Comparing the non-carcinogenic health risk in the present study and different cities in the world Table 9 , the human health risk was significantly greater than Beijing, Nanjing, Luanda, and other places, while it was comparable to Huludao and Zhuzhou in China [ 7 , 9 , 21 , 31 , 32 ].

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For carcinogenic risk Table 10 , arsenic was the only elements for concern in most cities, and other elements Cd, Cr, Co, and Ni was at relatively safe level. For arsenic, the HI means of these cities are more than 0. While the data indicated that HI and cancer risk from As in Hezhang 4. Metalloid arsenic As is ranked number one in the list of priority pollutants harmful to human health by the ATSDR [ 56 ]. Exposure to As will result in the development problems as well as numerous other health disorders [ 57 ]. For chromium, only a few cities had HI higher than 0. For lead, Hezhang had second higher HIs both for children and adults 1.

This showed the potential health risks of lead in Hezhang. Note: HIs for trace metal loid s higher than 0. Based on this study, we can draw the following conclusions: although the scale of artisanal Zn smelting in Hezhang was small, the heavy metal loid s contamination in street dust was similar to that of large-scale zinc smelting cities in the world.

The main pollutants in street dust of Hezhang city were Pb and Zn. Six studied elements Pb, Zn, Cd, As, Sb, and Hg were mainly derived from the zinc smelting activities, while other four elements Cr, Ni, Co, and Cu were primarily originated from the natural source. Human health assessment showed that the health risk of children was greater, mainly through hand—mouth routes, the main factors affecting the human body were elements of As, Pb, Cr, and Sb.

The findings are particularly significant when one considers the fact that the children in Hezhang city are the most sensitive subpopulation to potential harmful metal loid s exposure in street dust. Preventing intake by ingestion of street dust will effectively reduce carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks of potentially harmful metals and metalloids for children. Since the abandoned artisinal Zn smelting solid wastes were the main source of harmful trace metal loid s to the local environment, proper treatment to obstruct the contact of these solid wastes from the biosphere would be the first priority after cessation of artisanal Zn smelting activities.

All authors read and approved the final manuscript to be submitted to International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. Read article at publisher's site DOI : World J Surg Oncol , 16 1 , 12 Jul To arrive at the top five similar articles we use a word-weighted algorithm to compare words from the Title and Abstract of each citation. Cited by: 0 articles PMID: Sci Total Environ , 4 , 18 Nov Cited by: articles PMID: Environ Int , , 10 May Cited by: 2 articles PMID: Jahandari A.

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Europe PMC requires Javascript to function effectively. Recent Activity. Recent history Saved searches. Abstract Free full text 1. Introduction 2. Materials and Methods 3.

Results and Discussion 4. Feng X 3 ,. Shang L 3 ,.

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Zhang H 3 ,. Chen J 3. Affiliations 2 authors 1. Share this article Share with email Share with twitter Share with linkedin Share with facebook. The result showed that the average concentrations of 10 elements were Zn mg kg-1 , Pb mg kg-1 , Cr mg kg-1 , Cu 99 mg kg-1 , As 55 mg kg-1 , Ni 39 mg kg-1 , Co 18 mg kg-1 , Sb 7. Pb, Zn, Cd, Sb, and Cu were at heavy to moderate contamination status, especially Pb and Zn, with maximums of and mg kg-1, respectively; As and Hg were slightly contaminated; while Cr, Ni, and Co were at un-contaminated levels.

Free full text. Published online Aug PMID: Find articles by Tingting Wu. Find articles by Zhonggen Li. Find articles by Guangyi Sun. Find articles by Xinbin Feng. Find articles by Lihai Shang. Find articles by Hua Zhang. Find articles by Tianrong He. Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer. Received Jun 20; Accepted Aug This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. Go to:.

Keywords: Zn smelting activities, heavy metal loid , street dust, contamination assessment, health risk assessment. Study Area The study area is Hezhang city, which lies in the northwest Guizhou province Figure 1 , southwestern China. Open in a separate window. Figure 1. Sketch map showing the study area and the street dust sampling sites. Sample Collection All the field sampling was conducted in September , three years after the completed banning of artisanal zinc smelting.

Contamination Assessment Geo-accumulation index I geo approach was used to assess the contamination status for a single element in street dust [ 20 ]. Health Risk Assessment In this study, the health risk of human exposure to street dust of Hezhang city was assessed using method adopted from the U. Table 1 Values and factors used for non-carcinogenic hazard health risk assessment.

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Contamination of Trace Metal loid s in Street Dust Taken the background of surface soil in Guizhou, shown in Table 3 , as a reference, the contamination levels of trace metal loid s in street dust of Hezhang city were assessed by the geo-accumulation index method. Figure 2. Sources of Trace Metal loid s in Street Dust Trace metal loid s contamination may be caused by many sources.

Figure 3. Note: Scores higher than 0. Health Risk of Trace Metal loid s in Street Dust For non-carcinogenic effects of trace metal loid s on children and adults, the calculated overall risk and the corresponding contribution for each exposure pathway are summarized in Table 7. Table 7 Exposure dose, hazard quotients, and hazard index of studied metal loid s for children and adults in Hezhang city.

Table 8 Daily exposure dose and cancer risk of metal loid s in street dust to population in Hezhang city. Table 9 Comparisons of HIs for trace metal loid s in street dust of different cities. Table 10 Comparisons of cancer risk in street dust of different cities. Tang R. The spatial characteristics and pollution levels of metals in urban street dust of Beijing, China.