Density of mussel stocking numbers did have a significant effect on the growth but not on survival rate of individual mussels. It is common that higher stocking density leads to both lower average body weight and lower survival rate. However, in our study we did not observe lower survival rates.
We speculate that general growth conditions under all examined stocking densities were so favorable that the mussels were not affected strongly enough to influence their survival. The differences in stocking density 20 to 50 mussels per stocking did result in different growth rates for individual mussels but not in the total weight yield achieved by the mussel stockings.
Low stocking density simply yielded fewer larger mussels, while higher stocking densities yielded more but smaller mussels for a similar total weight yield. Thus, it probably was not the filtering capacity of the mussels that ultimately limited weight yield but the total amount of water that the mussels were effectively exposed to. Unfortunately, very few of these alternatives have yet been developed beyond a purely artisanal level and the need for mangrove livelihood innovation and development has been stressed by several authors.
Culture of the species in other countries in the region has proven profitable and has developed into important sources of income and food for coastal communities. They can be placed alongside mangrove channels, in lagoons, inside abandoned ponds and in shallow marine areas seawards from the mangrove forests without any need to cut mangroves or excavate ponds. Thus, mussel culture can serve as an economic incentive to preserve mangroves so the latter can be left intact to fulfil their many other important ecosystem functions.
Environmental contamination is known to be a problem for shellfish in heavily populated areas along the north coast of Java. For Semarang and the area of concern, the situation is less clear, but at least two studies suggest that contamination levels are low enough for safe consumption.
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However, even though the coastal area of Demak is still largely rural and probably less contaminated, the issue of contamination deserves close attention. Our results showed that longlines present a feasible, more sustainable and more profitable alternative to stake mussel culture for mussel farmers in the Demak region in Central Java. Join now. Soedarto S. H Tembalang, Semarang, Indonesia. Anneke M. Restiana W. Ariyati, Ph. Lestari Lakshmi Widowati, Ph. GAA members get access the virtual GOAL conference in October, which features almost 50 speakers from nearly 20 countries providing insight on the trends shaping the future of responsible aquaculture.
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Jakarta to Surabaya is km, miles. Approx one-way fare in rupiah Eksekutif Luxury Eksekutif. Children under 3 travel free, no ticket required. Passengers 3 and over count as adults. Prices vary, with cheaper fares if you pre-book, for example Eksekutif class from Rp , As you pass through each station, look for the station master in his red and gold hat, standing to attention outside his office watching the train pass through. The countryside is largely flat, rice paddies, villages, towns, palms and the occasional mosque. After Semarang there's a brief stretch where the train skirts the Java Sea, and around Cirebon you'll see the vast shadow of Mt Cereme in the distance to the south, its summit usually hidden by cloud.
It's an active volcano and the highest point in west Java. Indonesia's premier train, train 1 the Argo Bromo Anggrek , is ready to leave Surabaya on its 9 hour dash to Jakarta The driver of the Argo Bromo Anggrek is ready to go Eksekutif class on the Argo Bromo Anggrek , comfortable and powerfully air-conditioned The catering car on the Argo Bromo Anggrek The train briefly skirts the Java Sea Rice, rice and more rice A high-speed line is under construction from Jakarta to Bandung, which could open as early as Jakarta may be Java's capital, but Yogyakarta, known locally at Yogya, is its heart.
Solo, also known as Surakarta, is Yogya's long-standing rival an hour to the east. Both cities should feature on any sensible trip to Java.
It's easy to travel from Jakarta to Yogya or Solo by comfortable air-conditioned train, indeed it's the best way. The station in Yogyakarta is Tugu Yogyakarta. The station in Solo is Solobalapan. Jakarta Gambir is listed as Gambir. Jakarta to Yogyakarta is km, miles. Approx one-way fare in rupiah Eksekutif class. Approaching Cirebon you'll see the vast shadow of Mt Cereme in the distance to the south, its summit usually hidden by cloud.
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The nicest part of the journey from Jakarta to Yogya or Solo comes beyond Cirebon, where the train slows right down and snakes through gentle hills, past rice paddies nestling in narrow valleys amongst the jungle Train 5, the Argo Dwipangga boarding at Jakarta Gambir Refreshments on board Eksekutif class seating on the Argo Dwipangga , one of the new air-conditioned trainsets introduced in Buffet car on the Argo Dwipangga See more photos of this journey.
Watch the video These two Javan cities are only an hour apart by train. Both are key stops on the tourist trail, Yogya is a must-see and Solo is well worth visiting. You can see Solo as a day trip from Yogyakarta by train if you like. I recommend taking a Prameks. Prameks tickets cannot be booked in advance, they go on sale at the station 3 hours before each departure. Tickets are for a specific train and a limited number are sold for each departure so they can in theory sell out, but there are hundreds of tickets available and if a train is full you can always buy a ticket for the next one.
Seats are not allocated, you sit where you like, your luggage travels with you on the overhead racks or simply on the floor. In Yogyakarta, Prameks tickets are sold at the special Prameks ticket office. Kembang and walk onto the forecourt. If you face the entrance onto the platforms, the main station ticket office is the unmarked modern building on your immediate right looking more like a bank than a ticket office.
When you climb the few steps to its doors, the main ticket office is the larger right-hand one, the Prameks ticket office is the smaller left-hand one. You don't need any ID to buy Prameks tickets. In Solo, Prameks tickets are sold at the main ticket office, go to the window marked Prameks. Inside a Prameks local train The way to go! A Prameks local train at Yogyakarta The trains are clearly marked Prameks The Prameks ticket office in Yogyakarta Probolinggo is the usual railhead for visiting Mt Bromo.
There are no sleeping-cars, night trains just have reclining seats. Bandung to Surabaya is km, miles. Yogyakarta to Surabaya is km, miles.
How much does it cost? Reserving in advance wasn't really necessary, service was about on a level with a local European second class train.
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However, third class trains around Surabaya were packed as were local trains on the 'snappy' Bogor line from Jakartakota station. The Indonesian railways make a real effort to run on time.
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Train , the Ranggajati calls at Solobalapan. Eksekutif class on the Ranggajati Bisnis class on the Ranggajati Rice fields from the train. Back to top Surabaya - Probolinggo - Ketapang for Bali The railway linking Surabaya with Probolinggo the usual jumping-off point for Mt Bromo and Ketapang the ferry terminal for Bali is a very enjoyable ride, snaking through eastern Java's rice fields and jungle.
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For the ferry connections to Bali, see the next section. Also see the video below. Banyuwangi Baru station was renamed Ketapang in Recommended train. Eksekutif class on the Mutiara Timur. The most comfortable option Bisnis class on the Mutiara Timur, now reclassified as Ekonomi Take a comfortable air-conditioned train from Surabaya to Ketapang the station was called Banyuwangi Baru until at the eastern tip of Java. It's then a m 5-minute walk from the station to Ketapang ferry terminal, from where ferries sail every 15 minutes to Gilimanuk on Bali, crossing time just 45 minutes.
Buses run from Gilimanuk to Bali's capital Denpasar, or you can take a taxi or get your hotel to arrange a transfer from Gilimanuk to anywhere on Bali. See the video guide here. This is safe, comfortable, cheap, and easy to arrange. The train needs a reservation, but you can buy the ferry ticket at the ferry terminal and just find a bus or taxi on arrival at Gilimanuk.
With great scenery on the train ride through eastern Java, this is the best way to travel from cities on Java to anywhere on Bali. Feedback if you travel to Bali this way would be appreciated. Step 1, take a comfortable air-conditioned train from Surabaya or Probolinggo to Ketapang, see the timetable above. There's great scenery as the train curves around the rice fields and jungles of eastern Java. You can also travel time-effectively overnight, leaving Surabaya Gubeng at and arriving at Ketapang station at Buy tickets online at www. Step 2, take a ferry from Ketapang to Gilimanuk Ketapang railway station is just metres from Ketapang ferry terminal, a 5 minute walk.
It's in front of you, a little to the right. Walk m down this station approach road to the busy main road, turn right and walk another m, and Ketapang ferry terminal is on your left on the other side of the road.