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So despite our support for TBA practice, we support our women to make the best use of the available services in the hospitals. So we ask them to ensure they go for check-up at the hospitals ANC , take all the medicines and injections they are given.

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Natural methods were commonly perceived to be more culturally acceptable form of family planning by mothers. Some respondents considered family planning as a culturally inappropriate means of limiting population size and strength, which were considered very useful attributes at times of war and famine. Most traditional leaders considered natural methods to be more proper and available for everyone, with no side effects unlike the modern methods. Childcare, including newborn care, was found to have some cultural basis. It is expected to be the responsibility of everyone in the family, including mother, father, siblings, and grandparents.

If it was her fault, then she will be fined three 3 goats, have her head shaved and pay N17, Regular education on preparation for newborn care was provided by most TBA participants. Most of them were however usually prepared for immediate newborn care even if the clients may not be prepared. Payment for perinatal care was also usually quite flexible, including the use of non- monetary forms of remunerations.

Payment may be before, during, or after providing services. Payment can also take the form of giving goats, yams, or other farm produce, including having someone work in my large farm for some days. I tell them from the beginning to prepare themselves for the task of newborn care ahead.

I also tell them and prepare them for the task ahead, including bathing baby, breastfeeding, and going to hospital when there is serious problem. Breastfeeding was generally considered to be a norm, with its non-practice apparently viewed as a taboo. Traditional leaders generally supported breastfeeding, but not EBF. This was generally due to concerns of breast milk not being satisfactory to the infants when given exclusively, as well as fear of possible constipation from not giving some water. We know that breastfeeding makes children to grow well and be strong.

Because how can a child take only breast milk without even small water?

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Access to hospital during childhood illness was generally supported culturally, but without ignoring the benefits and use of locally available and apparently cost-effective native medicines and means of interventions. On the other hand, urban respondents were generally ignorant of either their cultural belief system or are culturally indifferent to practice or non-practice of each of the child health measures assessed.

Traditional leaders generally believed that traditional and orthodox health-care services had their strengths and weaknesses for child care. They even requested for support toward improvement in their traditional health-care system, which they considered to be more affordable and accessible, compared with orthodox medicine. There are some that are better treated traditionally, while there are some that are better treated at the hospital.

You may go there for other diseases, but not the common fever and diarrhea. Traditional leaders generally recommend and support childhood immunization but emphasized that they were generally fine without it for centuries before Europeans came. All participants generally recommended childhood immunization to all their clients and believed in its necessity. All respondents in the rural setting had at least one circumcised female in their households, with a variable disposition toward the practice. All but one of the urban respondents did not practice female circumcision and were averse to the practice.

God forbid! Female circumcision was commonly perceived as a beneficial culture preserving practice, which kept women chaste. Non- practitioners however considered it to be an old practice that should be discarded. It was not perceived to be an adverse child health practice through excessive bleeding and infection or subsequent difficulty in labor. One of the ways it was entrenched in their culture, was to ensure that traditional leaders had their wives and children circumcised as they attained higher pedigree in society.

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In this study, there was more prevalent positive or negative cultural disposition toward virtually all maternal and child health practices among rural respondents, with proportionally few respondents being indifferent. In other words, rural respondents usually had their position, disposition, or view toward each of the practices.

On the other hand, most urban respondents were indifferent or ignorant of cultural attributes or practices that may be existing. Long-term westernization in urban settings may have gradually eroded the knowledge base of this cultural practices. Among rural respondents, the use of artificial family planning methods was common among respondents that were more culturally disposed to its use. This finding is contrary to the findings from the FGD in which the majority of the participants were more disposed positively to natural family methods; their reason been that artificial family method is an inappropriate means of limiting population size and strength which they considered very useful attributes at times of war and famine.

Regarding childbirth delivery at the health facility in the rural study setting, the majority of the respondents were indifferently disposed to it. In other study, the women were positively disposed to childbirth delivery in non-health facilities. This study revealed that preparation for newborn care was common among respondents that were indifferently disposed whereas, during the FGD, all the mothers admitted preparing for their newborn care.

Another important finding from this study was that female circumcision was more common among respondents that were more culturally disposed to such practice. This finding is consistent with the findings among the rural participants during the FGD in which it was reported that at least each of them had one circumcised female in their households. This practice was perceived by those that practice it as beneficial which kept women chaste, even FGD among traditional leader revealed that they are in total support of it as they claimed it has been beneficial to them in the community and cannot be abandoned for any reason.

This underscores the strong role of individual cultural disposition on practice of key maternal and child health practices in the study setting. Value for cultural heritage and its preservation, especially in rural settings may account for these findings, with implications for the design and implementation of culture-related interventions. Cultural influence on maternal and child health practices is predominant in rural settings, with positive or indifferent cultural disposition to recommended practice being commonly associated with such practice.

Most traditional leaders commonly express support for the practice of most recommended maternal and child health practices. These findings are the useful baseline for better understanding of the dynamics of influence of traditional beliefs on maternal and child health practices in Cross River State of Nigeria. Maternal health education as well as education and engagement of traditional leaders are highly recommended.

This should be focused at corrective reorientation toward the preference of recommended best practices that they currently do not support, while sustaining the effort at encouraging other best practices. Published by Scientific Scholar on behalf of Centre for Care of the sick child. Skip to content. Share Tweet Share. Research Article. Influence of cultural and traditional beliefs on maternal and child health practices in rural and urban communities in Cross River State, Nigeria.

Ukweh Ofonime 2 , Odeyemi Kofoworola 3 , D. Ekanem Asukwo 4. Ann Med Res Pract ; Abstract Objective: The influence of cultural and traditional beliefs on key maternal and child health practices in the developing nations cannot be overemphasized.

This study was carried out to determine the influence of cultural and traditional beliefs on key maternal and child health practices among rural and urban mothers in Cross River State. Materials and Methods: The study design was a comparative analytical cross-sectional study among mothers with under-five children in rural and urban households in Cross River State and the study populations comprised mothers of under-five children and traditional birth attendants in Cross River State.

Sampling technique used to select respondents in the rural and urban sites was multistage sampling method and the sample size was determined using standard method of comparing two independent groups. For focus group discussion FGD , the purposive sampling method was employed in both study sites.

The study instrument was a semi-structured questionnaire and data obtained were analyzed using SPSS version The results of this study suggest that traditional beliefs influence maternal and child health-care practices in Cross River State, Nigeria. Conclusions: It is therefore concluded that cultural and traditional influences on maternal and child health practices are predominant in rural settings, with positive or indifferent cultural disposition to recommended practice being commonly associated with such practice.

This should be focused at corrective reorientation toward the preference of recommended best practices that they currently do not support while sustaining the effort at encouraging other best practices. Show Related Articles from PubMed. Study design and population The study design was a comparative analytical cross-sectional study among mothers with under-five children in rural and urban households in Cross River State. Eligibility criteria All women of childbearing age of 15—45 years who gave birth within 5 years before the day of survey whether these children were alive or dead were studied.

Sample size determination The sample size was calculated using the formula for comparing two independent groups. Sampling technique Sampling in urban study site A multistage sampling technique consisting of three stages was used to select the respondents from Calabar municipality LGA as the urban study site, where the houses are numbered, within streets and wards.

In Stage 1, six out of sixteen wards were selected by balloting. In Stage 2, one street was selected from each of the six wards. Sampling in rural study site The multistage sampling technique was also used to select the respondents from the rural study site.

Selection of participants for the FGD Purposive sampling method was used to recruit community members to participate in each of the 12 FGD sessions conducted in the rural and urban study sites.