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JETRO has developed a mapping tool that provides information about the industrial clusters major companies, related research institutions, main sectors, etc. The industrial clusters are not necessarily supported by a cluster organisation but are localised on a map. The report is based on a survey, in which 50 Japanese cluster organisations were contacted, and in the end data could be collected on 45 of them.

Since the report release the cluster environment in Japan changed with many entities listed in the report ending their activities simply because reaching the end of their expected lifespan as defined at the time of their creation, or due to lack of new financial resources to continue their activities once the Governmental support ended. Following a fresh screening of the internet completed in May , many other entities either missing in report or in some cases recently established were identified and the ongoing international relations of the added clusters as well as the one listed in the report and still active, could be better assessed.

It was also observed that some regions are evaluating the possibility of establishing food sector related cluster but details are still not enough to assess their future existence and activity. Only future mappings will say. The mapping is available here. Japan benefits from an important cluster community at least 52 cluster organisations in The search based on the information available in the official website of each cluster organisation most of the time only in Japanese provided the following results:.

Of the 52 identified Japanese clusters organisations, 9 provides an active English website, 18 provides a static or non-updated English website and the other 25 Japanese only websites.

When assessing the internationalisation activity level of the clusters by browsing their websites and in some cases contacting them, 2 points were checked:. In , the Japanese Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry introduced a plan to enhance the industrial competitiveness of Japan.

This ongoing project involves regional SMEs and start-ups who use research results obtained from universities and research institutes to establish industrial clusters. As SMEs typically have limited business resources, the project assists in the establishment of links between SMEs and core national universalities in their cluster region. There have been three phases of International Cluster Policy to date: the first focused on creating the foundations of industrial clusters , the second on continuing to foster network formation while also developing specific businesses and the third and current phase on encouraging industrial cluster activities to reach financial independence and autonomous growth in which the industrial cluster projects are now expected to be led by their local government, collaborating with their local academia and industry for further advancement.

The results of the mapping showed that during this autonomous period most of the initial launched cluster projects ceased their activities once they achieved their targets or reached the end of their expected initial planned life time. Sometimes leaving online website of the project may give the wrong impression that the cluster is still operational.

Actually, at Governmental level there seems to be no specific policy programme targeting clusters, except for the third step of the above mentioned policy that will be completed in Methods included conducting join research initiatives to develop new technologies which could meet the needs of businesses. It also featured the participation of companies inside and outside the region. The programme was held until Both MEXT programmes have now ended and, as of today, the mapping showed that almost all clusters supported through the above programmes have ceased their activities.

However, some financial supporting programmes have been recently launched that could apply to existing clusters as well. Targeting research institutions and local governments. The programme was launched after the purely academic Knowledge Cluster Building Programme ended. The aim is to shifting into a new phase, building a successful model to commercialize the technology seeds in the region.

The key points of the programme are; 1. Supporting an innovation hub centre.

Supporting networking activities between industry, academic institutions and local government based on the core company in the region. The population is distributed along the horizontal axis, with males shown on the left and females on the right. The male and female populations are broken down into 5-year age groups represented as horizontal bars along the vertical axis, with the youngest age groups at the bottom and the oldest at the top. The shape of the population pyramid gradually evolves over time based on fertility, mortality, and international migration trends.

For additional information, please see the entry for Population pyramid on the Definitions and Notes page under the References tab. Dependency ratios : Dependency ratios are a measure of the age structure of a population. They relate the number of individuals that are likely to be economically "dependent" on the support of others.

Changes in the dependency ratio provide an indication of potential social support requirements resulting from changes in population age structures. As fertility leve. Median age : This entry is the age that divides a population into two numerically equal groups; that is, half the people are younger than this age and half are older. It is a single index that summarizes the age distribution of a population. Currently, the median age ranges from a low of about 15 in Niger and Uganda to 40 or more in several European countries and Japan.

See the entry for "Age structure" for the importance of a young versus an older age structure and, by implication, a low versus a high. Population growth rate : The average annual percent change in the population, resulting from a surplus or deficit of births over deaths and the balance of migrants entering and leaving a country. The rate may be positive or negative.

The growth rate is a factor in determining how great a burden would be imposed on a country by the changing needs of its people for infrastructure e. Rapid population growth can be seen as. Birth rate : This entry gives the average annual number of births during a year per 1, persons in the population at midyear; also known as crude birth rate. The birth rate is usually the dominant factor in determining the rate of population growth. It depends on both the level of fertility and the age structure of the population.

Death rate : This entry gives the average annual number of deaths during a year per 1, population at midyear; also known as crude death rate. The death rate, while only a rough indicator of the mortality situation in a country, accurately indicates the current mortality impact on population growth. This indicator is significantly affected by age distribution, and most countries will eventually show a rise in the overall death rate, in spite of continued decline in mortality at all ages, as declining.

Net migration rate : This entry includes the figure for the difference between the number of persons entering and leaving a country during the year per 1, persons based on midyear population. An excess of persons entering the country is referred to as net immigration e. The net migration rate indicates the contribution of migration to the overall level of population chan. Urbanization : This entry provides two measures of the degree of urbanization of a population.

The first, urban population, describes the percentage of the total population living in urban areas, as defined by the country. The second, rate of urbanization, describes the projected average rate of change of the size of the urban population over the given period of time. For example. Major urban areas - population : This entry provides the population of the capital and up to six major cities defined as urban agglomerations with populations of at least , people.

An urban agglomeration is defined as comprising the city or town proper and also the suburban fringe or thickly settled territory lying outside of, but adjacent to, the boundaries of the city. For smaller countries, lacking urban centers of , or more, only the population of the capital is presented. Sex ratio : This entry includes the number of males for each female in five age groups - at birth, under 15 years, years, 65 years and over, and for the total population.

Sex ratio at birth has recently emerged as an indicator of certain kinds of sex discrimination in some countries. For instance, high sex ratios at birth in some Asian countries are now attributed to sex-selective abortion and infanticide due to a strong preference for sons. This will affect future marriage patterns and fertilit.

Mother's mean age at first birth : This entry provides the mean average age of mothers at the birth of their first child. It is a useful indicator for gauging the success of family planning programs aiming to reduce maternal mortality, increase contraceptive use — particularly among married and unmarried adolescents — delay age at first marriage, and improve the health of newborns.

Maternal mortality rate : The maternal mortality rate MMR is the annual number of female deaths per , live births from any cause related to or aggravated by pregnancy or its management excluding accidental or incidental causes. The MMR includes deaths during pregnancy, childbirth, or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy, irrespective of the duration and site of the pregnancy, for a specified year. Infant mortality rate : This entry gives the number of deaths of infants under one year old in a given year per 1, live births in the same year.

This rate is often used as an indicator of the level of health in a country. Life expectancy at birth : This entry contains the average number of years to be lived by a group of people born in the same year, if mortality at each age remains constant in the future. Life expectancy at birth is also a measure of overall quality of life in a country and summarizes the mortality at all ages.

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It can also be thought of as indicating the potential return on investment in human capital and is necessary for the calculation of various actuarial measures. Total fertility rate : This entry gives a figure for the average number of children that would be born per woman if all women lived to the end of their childbearing years and bore children according to a given fertility rate at each age.

The total fertility rate TFR is a more direct measure of the level of fertility than the crude birth rate, since it refers to births per woman. This indicator shows the potential for population change in the country. A rate of two children per woman is considered the replaceme.

Contraceptive prevalence rate : This field gives the percent of women of reproductive age who are married or in union and are using, or whose sexual partner is using, a method of contraception according to the date of the most recent available data. It is also useful in understanding, past, present, and future fertility trends, especially in developing countries. Drinking water source : This entry provides information about access to improved or unimproved drinking water sources available to segments of the population of a country.

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Improved drinking water - use of any of the following sources: piped water into dwelling, yard, or plot; public tap or standpipe; tubewell or borehole; protected dug well; protected spring; or rainwater collection. Unimproved drinking water - use of any of the following sources: unprotected dug well; unprotected spring; cart with small tank or. Current Health Expenditure : Current Health Expenditure CHE describes the share of spending on health in each country relative to the size of its economy.

It includes expenditures corresponding to the final consumption of health care goods and services and excludes investment, exports, and intermediate consumption. CHE shows the importance of the health sector in the economy and indicates the priority given to health in monetary terms. Physicians density : This entry gives the number of medical doctors physicians , including generalist and specialist medical practitioners, per 1, of the population.

Medical doctors are defined as doctors that study, diagnose, treat, and prevent illness, disease, injury, and other physical and mental impairments in humans through the application of modern medicine.

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They also plan, supervise, and evaluate care and treatment plans by other health care providers. The World Health Organization estimates that f. Hospital bed density : This entry provides the number of hospital beds per 1, people; it serves as a general measure of inpatient service availability. Hospital beds include inpatient beds available in public, private, general, and specialized hospitals and rehabilitation centers. In most cases, beds for both acute and chronic care are included.