The high prevalence areas were located along the Yangtze River from to This finding was similar to the spatial autocorrelation patterns in the Yangtze River basin of China [ 51 ]. Analogously, the spatial distribution of schistosomiasis was also nonrandom in the marshland areas of China at the county level [ 13 ]. The global spatial autocorrelation analysis results also showed that the spatial distribution of S.
Integrated control measures against schistosomiasis were carried out in Hubei Province [ 18 ], but the spatial distribution of S. This observation suggests that S. The results also suggested that the number of highly aggregated areas had little changed, ranging from 9 to 11 counties within the five-year analysis period. However, the number of less aggregated areas showed an increasing trend during the five years. This result may be because an integrated control strategy that emphasizes infection source control was carried in schistosomiasis-endemic areas of Hubei Province [ 18 , 19 ].
Hence, the prevalence of human S. Meanwhile, the results suggested that the spatial distributions of high S. Thus, the number of less aggregated areas increased in five years. Global autocorrelation analysis identified the schistosomiasis-endemic clustering in Hubei Province on a global perspective, whereas local autocorrelation analysis further detected the locations with positive spatial clustering.
Given that Hubei Province reached the schistosomiasis control criterion, S. The spatial clustering proved to be significant to the distribution of human S. These regions are the focus of future prevention and control. Thus, the integrated control strategy aimed at controlling the roles of humans and bovines as sources of S.
Certain limitations in our research deserve further discussion. First, the spatial distribution of schistosomiasis in Hubei Province that were analyzed were at the county level, which may lead to a bias in the results. The spatial patterns of Schistosoma transmission are reportedly relevant to infection prevalence at a finer scale [ 39 ]. The infection prevalence analyzed in our study was at the county level, which was the average of the whole county. Furthermore, compared with smaller spatial scale level, the spatial distribution of S.
Further spatial autocorrelation analysis should be done to demonstrate the schistosomiasis spatial distribution at a much smaller spatial scale level, including town and village levels. Second, the diagnostic approach for schistosomiasis is not completely sensitive and specific. The miracidium hatching test is a traditional approach to assess S. Therefore, some precise methods for prevalence estimates need to be developed. In summary, our research highlighted the spatial epidemiological characteristics of schistosomiasis at the county level from to in Hubei Province, China.
The results indicated that the hotspots of schistosomiasis are mainly located along Yangtze River, and the spatial distribution of S. Our findings suggest that a spatial—temporal surveillance system should be established for identifying highly endemic regions and implementing timely prevention of schistosomiasis.
We would like to acknowledge the staff of the local Institute for Schistosomiasis Control in the 63 schistosomiasis-endemic counties of the whole province for their kind collaboration and for providing the field data. The synthesis of figure: YJ. Browse Subject Areas?
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Click through the PLOS taxonomy to find articles in your field. Abstract Background Schistosomiasis remains a major public health problem in China. Results The infection rates of S. Conclusions The spatial distribution of human S. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.
Introduction Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease caused by trematode flukes of the genus Schistosoma. Download: PPT. Data collection Schistosomiasis endemiologic data. Construction of spatial database Each county was designated a code in the map data of Hubei Province. Descriptive analysis The spatial distribution of human S. Spatial cluster analysis The spatial distribution of schistosomiasis was evaluated by spatial autocorrelation analysis at the county level to describe the correlation of disease distribution and the spatial distribution forms in the research areas [ 25 ].
Global spatial autocorrelation analysis Global spatial autocorrelation analysis was used to measure the correlation among neighboring observations to detect whether the pattern was clustered, dispersed, or random [ 26 ]. Local spatial autocorrelation analysis The overall clustering tendency of the disease risk in the study region was assessed by global spatial autocorrelation test, which only investigates the presence but not the exact location of the cluster s.
Results Spatial distribution of S. Fig 2. The distribution of human S. Table 1. Table 2. The dynamic change in the prevalence of human S. Spatial cluster of S. Fig 3. Table 3. The global autocorrelation analysis of S. Fig 4.
The local spatial autocorrelation distribution of human S. Table 4. Discussion The investigation of infectious disease spatial clustering has aroused more interest since the development of GIS and spatial statistics, which allow the quantification of the degree of clustering of infections [ 34 — 36 ]. Conclusions In summary, our research highlighted the spatial epidemiological characteristics of schistosomiasis at the county level from to in Hubei Province, China. Supporting Information. S1 File.
The prevalence of human S. Acknowledgments We would like to acknowledge the staff of the local Institute for Schistosomiasis Control in the 63 schistosomiasis-endemic counties of the whole province for their kind collaboration and for providing the field data. References 1. Years lived with disability YLDs for sequelae of diseases and injuries — a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study Lancet ;— Human schistosomiasis.
The public health significance and control of schistosomiasis in China—then and now. Acta Trop ;— Schistosomiasis control in China. Jamia has completed years from a humble beginning under tents to being India's top university.
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