These factors, when combined with poor initial information and weak investment environment, limit the scale of private sector participation in water and sanitation infrastructure.
Recognising this, the OECD has developed practical guidance, building on the OECD Principles for Private Sector Participation in Infrastructure, to help governments and other stakeholders to assess and manage the implications of involving private actors in the financing, development and management of water and sanitation infrastructure.
The resulting OECD Checklist for Public Action provides a coherent catalogue of policy directions for consideration by governments, including appropriate allocation of roles, risks and responsibilities, framework conditions and contractual arrangements necessary to make the best of private sector participation and harness more effectively the capacities of all stakeholders.
Sign In or Create an Account. Advanced Search. Sign In. Publication date:. Mexico has a mixed record with respect to access to information about detention practices. For instance, during its research into Mexican practices in late , the Global Detention Project made numerous requests for information by phone and email to the National Migration Institute.
At the time of this publication in late January , the GDP had yet to receive a response.
RESTAURANTS
It is worth mentioning that this research took place during a period of presidential transition in the country. The government provided a response to only one of these questions, the last one about the total number of detention centres. Regarding the other questions, the government claimed it did not have the requested information. It provided elaborate rationalizations for this failure and twisted the nature of the questions themselves.
Thus, for instance, instead of addressing directly the question about the total amount spent annually on deportations, the government said it was impossible to provide a statistic on how much it costs the country to deport or repatriate a single person. The reason for this?
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Mexico exclusively employs specially designated administrative detention facilities for confining undocumented non-citizens. The Migration Law excludes using prisons or other criminal incarceration facilities Article This situation contrasts sharply with that of the United States and Canada, both of which make extensive use of their prison systems for immigration-related detention.
According to various sources consulted by the Global Detention Project, as of , Mexico operated 35 long-term facilities and 23 provisional facilities. The quasi-governmental CNDH stated that the figures provided in this document remained accurate as of December Batista Over the course of several weeks in late , the Global Detention Project made several attempts to contact officials at the INM to request updated information but never received a reply.
The Global Detention Project has been unable to verify the use of any such facilities in Mexico. However, according to some sources, the National Migration Institute INM operates offices in international airports, where migrants in an irregular situation are interviewed. These offices are not considered detention centres because interrogations tend to be completed quickly and they do not appear to be used to confine people.
Nevertheless, some observers interviewed by the Global Detention Project highlighted that there is very little public information about these facilities or their operations Coria It thus remains unclear if these INM interview offices correspond with the transit facilities described in the Migration Law. Mexico also operates a network of public and privately operated shelters for unaccompanied minors that are mainly situated in the north of the country, with a few also in the south Appleseed The National Agency for Family Development Sistema Nacional para el Desarrollo Integral de la Familia, or DIF , a government social welfare network, is charged with overseeing operations at these facilities and has custody of the minors accommodated in these facilities.
Provisional detention centres. These centres can vary from facilities with dormitories for men and women, to administrative offices where apprehended non-nationals are registered and await transfer to a long-term detention centre. Officials and non-governmental experts contacted by the Global Detention Project, including from CNDH and Sin Fronteras, were unable to provide any information about which provisional facilities fell under either category Batista ; Cano According to various sources, between , there were 23 provisional detention centres in operation Fernandez ; Batista Long-term facilities.
Conditions of detention. It is particularly concerned by situations in which undocumented migrant workers who claim to have been tortured and ill-treated in some cases have to live alongside the perpetrators of these violations. DIF shelters. According to DIF, up to 98 percent of the children who stay in these facilities are deported Mexican minors awaiting reunification with their families.
The remaining minors are mainly unaccompanied Central Americans who have been apprehended by Mexican authorities cited in Appleseed , p.
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The processing centres are meant to be used only to undertake administrative procedures and not to house minors for any length of time. However, in its assessment of the DIF system, Appleseed found that the facilities it visited generally lacked the ability to keep minors from leaving, and that private shelters like YMCA refuse to prevent minors from leaving because they do not consider themselves to have the legal authority to hold them. Because of the ambiguity surrounding the DIF facilities, and the fact that the vast majority of them appear to be used for housing Mexican minors and not migrants, the Global Detention Project decided not to include them in our list of detention sites as of January Compared to most major immigration detaining countries in the world, this is a staggeringly high figure.
In , Italy detained less than 10, immigrants; the United Kingdom detained approximately 25, people in ; and during FY , Canada detained nearly 9, One of the few countries that has detained more people than Mexico in recent years is the United States, which detained nearly , people in The vast majority of detainees in Mexico during were from Central America, particularly Guatemala 40, , Honduras 28, , and El Salvador 12, The largest numbers of extra-regional detainees those from outside of the Americas were from Somalia , China , Eritrea 61 , India 51 , Nepal 37 , Bangladesh 29 , Ghana 22 , Pakistan 21 , Nigeria 20 , and Spain In , there were 76, male detainees and 11, female detainees.
Of these, 6, were minors, the majority of whom 4, were between Among minors under the age of 12 1, , were accompanied and were unaccompanied. During , according to INM statistics, most detainees were confined in detention centres located in the south of the country, including in Chiapas 44, , Veracruz 7, , Tabasco 5, , and Oaxaca 5, The detention centre in Mexico City held nearly 2, people during the year.
The INM reports that during it expelled 79, people. This number continues a multi-year trend during which the numbers of people expelled has decreased. According to UNHCR, during , Mexico received 1, asylum applications; by the end of , it had 1, refugees. In , it was estimated that some , irregular migrants entered Mexican territory every year EFE Arias, Karina Sin Fronteras. Email correspondence with Isabel Ricupero and Michael Flynn. Global Detention Project. Geneva, Switzerland. Tomo II. Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies. Cano, Lorena Sin Fronteras.
Casillas, Rodolfo. Primer Semestre.
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Mexico D. December Constitutional Congress. Coria Marquez, Elba immigration lawyer. Diaz, Gabriela, and Gretchen Kuhner. March A Snapshot of Child Detention in Mexico. Mapas de Estaciones Provisionales y Estaciones Migratorias.
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October accessed 29 November Flynn, Michael. Gandaria, Manrique. La Prensa. Government of the United States of Mexico. Human Rights First. Cuadro 3. Secretaria de Gobernacion. La Jornada. Last amended 29 November Schiavon Jorge and Gabriela Diaz.
Sin Fronteras. Univision Online y Agencias. Undated website. State of World Population International Migration United Nations. Statistical Yearbook Table Indicators of host country contributions. Key Indicators of the Labor Market. Total Unemployment.
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International Human Development Indicators. Pew Global Attitudes Project. Rule of Law. Consistent with this, in the same period, there is an opinion increase in favour of allowing foreigners to work in the country. Although in there was an increase in the percentage of Mexicans against the legalization of undocumented immigrants in the country, again, this trend is reversed in and reduced by nearly 20 percent.