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This was the major Aztec military base charged with the enforcement of tribute collection and control of trade routes. However, Aztec rule in Oaxaca would last only a little more than thirty years. Moctezuma II had informed Hernando Cortes that the area had gold.
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In addition, when Zapotec leaders heard about the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire , they sent an offer of an alliance. They overcame the main Aztec military stronghold only four months after the fall of Tenochtitlan. The valley Zapotecs, the Mixtecs of the Upper Mixteca, the Mazatecas and the Cuicatecas, for the most part, chose not to fight the newcomers, instead negotiating to keep most of the old hierarchy but with ultimate authority to the Spanish.
The Mixe put up the most resistance to intrusions on their lands. They not only resisted during the first decade or so of Spanish occupation, like other groups, but through the rest of the 16th century. The last major Mixe rebellion came in , when they burned and looted Zapotec communities and threatened to destroy the Spanish presidio of Villa Alta. However, this rebellion was put down by the Spanish, in alliance with about 2, Mixtecs and Aztecs. From this point, the Mixe retreated far into the mountains to isolate themselves, where they are found today.
The first priest in the territory was Juan Diaz, who accompanied Francisco de Orozco and built the first church in what is now the city of Oaxaca. He was followed by Bartolome de Olmade and others who began the superficial conversion of a number of indigenous people, including the baptism of Zapotec leader Cosijoeza. In , the Dominicans settled in the city of Oaxaca, forming the Bishopric of Oaxaca in , and began to spread out from there, eventually reaching Tehuantepec and the coast.
Other orders followed such as the Jesuits in , the Mercedarians in , and others in the 17th and 18th centuries. Spanish conquest and subsequent colonization had a devastating effect on the native population, due to European diseases and forced labor. In some areas the native population nearly or completely disappeared. This poor treatment of indigenous and African populations would continue through the colonial period. However, all indigenous people were eventually lumped into one category as the Spanish halted warfare among the city-states and created the official category of "indio" Indian.
Settlers arriving from Spain brought with them domestic animals that had never been seen in Oaxaca: horses , cows , goats , sheep , chickens , mules and oxen.
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Spanish officials and merchants tried to take indigenous privileges due to their social status, but this was resisted. While some of this was violent, the dominant response was to resort to the administrative-judicial system or yield.
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Violence was reserved for the worst of situations. This product was exported to Europe, especially in the 17th and 18th centuries. The use of this insect faded in the 19th century with the discovery of cheaper dyes. For much of the colonial period, the state then an intendencia or province was relatively isolated with few roads and other forms of communication.
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Most politics and social issues were strictly on the local level. Despite Spanish domination, the indigenous peoples of Oaxaca have maintained much of their culture and identity, more so than most other places in Mexico. Part of this is due to the geography of the land, making many communities isolated. During the Mexican War of Independence the government of this area remained loyal to the Spanish Crown.
When representatives of Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla came to meet with them, they were hanged and their heads left out in view. Some early rebel groups emerged in the state, such as those led by Felipe Tinoco and Catarino Palacios, but they were also eventually executed.
After that point, insurgents had greater success in various parts of the state, but the capital remained in royalist hands until the end of the war. During the 19th century, Oaxaca and the rest of Mexico was split between liberal federalist and conservative centralist factions. The political and military struggles between the factions resulted in wars and intrigues. Vicente Guerrero , a liberal, was executed by firing squad in Cuilapam in The constant warfare had a negative effect on the state's economy and those in the Tehuantepec area supported a separatist movement which was partially successful in the s.
He began his career studying to be a priest then a lawyer.
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With the success of the Plan de Ayutla , Juarez became governor again, and worked to remove privileges and properties from the Church and landed classes. The Constitution of , was ratified in Oaxaca city, and Juarez left the governor's position to become President of Mexico. As a liberal, he imposed many of the reforms which remain today including those in education and separation of church and state. He is also considered to be a legend and a symbol for the indigenous population of the state. The capital was later recaptured by the liberals under Carlos Oronoz.
Diaz would succeed in obtaining the presidency and did not relinquish it until the Mexican Revolution. During Diaz's rule, called the Porfiriato, a number of modernization efforts were undertaken in the state such as public lighting, first with gas then with electricity, railroad lines, new agriculture techniques and the revitalization of commerce. However, most of the benefits of these advances went to national and international corporations and workers and indigenous farmers organized against the regime.
After the Mexican Revolution broke out, Diaz was soon ousted and the rest of the war was among the various factions that had power in different parts of the country. Various leaders such as Francisco I. Madero , Victoriano Huerta and Venustiano Carranza came to the state during this time. However; the most important force in the area was the Liberation Army of the South under Emiliano Zapata. This army would ally and fight against the previous leaders, especially Venustiano Carranza, [17] and hold various portions of the state until A series of major disasters occurred in the state from the s to the s.
In , a series of earthquakes destroyed many of the buildings in the capital. A much larger earthquake in , was the largest in the state's history, devastating a number of cities along the coast. The s brought the Great Depression , which along with the disasters, prompted wide scale migration to Mexico City. In , torrential rains caused massive flooding in the Tuxtepec region, causing hundreds of deaths.
In the s and s, new infrastructure projects were begun. This tourism, as well as the population growth of the capital, prompted the construction of the Oaxaca-Mexico City highway in This development was threatened by the violence associated with the uprising , which severely curtailed the number of incoming tourists for several years. On February 12, , a 6. From the Mexican Revolution until the s, the ruling PRI party held control of almost all of Oaxacan politics from the local to the state level.
This has led to speculation of major changes for the state. In , a series of earthquakes brought death and destruction to parts of Mexico , including Oaxaca. On September 8, an 8. Mexico City , on September 19, then endured a 7. On June 23, , a preliminary 7. At least 10 people have been killed. The state is located in the south of Mexico, bordered by the states of Puebla , Veracruz , Chiapas and Guerrero with the Pacific Ocean to the south. Between these mountains are mostly narrow valleys, canyons and ravines.
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The Sierra Madre de Oaxaca enters the state from the Puebla and Veracruz borders in the Tuxtepec region , running northwest to southeast towards the Central Valleys region , then onto the Tehuantepec area. Smaller populated valleys include Nochixtlan, Nejapa, Cuicatlan and Tuxtepec. Small mesas contain population centers such as Putla , Juxtlahuaca , Tamazulapan , Zacatepec , Tlaxiaco and Huajuapan. There are a very large number of small canyons as well as ravines and arroyos of all sizes.
The mountainous terrain allows for no navigable rivers; instead, there are a large number of smaller ones, which often change name from area to area. The continental divide passes through the state, meaning that there is drainage towards both the Gulf of Mexico and the Pacific Ocean. Most of the drainage towards the Gulf is represented by the Papaloapan and Coatzacoalcos Rivers and their tributaries such as the Grande and Salado Rivers.
Three rivers account for most of the water headed for the Pacific: the Mixteco , Atoyac and Tehuantepec Rivers with their tributaries. Regions and districts of Oaxaca are: [33].