Source: Elaborated by the authors. We used the negated form of the outcome, which means that more successful municipalities are those with lower levels of confirmed cases. Resource munificence.
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The first contextual condition measures the availability of resources to respond to the outbreak. We used the number of physicians per thousand inhabitants in the municipality in January of to capture the size of the health system in place. We also measured the number of hospital beds in the specialty of pulmonology per thousand inhabitants in the municipality to evaluate the specialized resources.
Social vulnerability.
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Another contextual condition has to do with the social structure in the municipality. Government aid programs. We identified public action related to the provision of emergency aid programs for the population. By reading municipal laws and newspaper articles, we have identified three types of programs: i provision of meals for public school students at home; ii distribution of basic food baskets; iii other programs to reduce taxes, subsidized credit for small businesses, or offering financial assistance directly.
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In addition to official sources from municipalities, we used Google to search for evidence of aid programs in newspapers. Collaboration within the public sector.
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This variable identifies the creation of multi-departmental entities within the public bureaucracy set up to deal with the disease outbreak, according to official sources from municipalities and searches in the newspapers. Collaboration with the private sector. This refers to the presence of a relevant initiative with the joint participation of the city hall and organizations outside the public sector.
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The sources are also municipal laws and searches in the newspapers. The measurements of variables concerning government aid and collaborations are influenced by the judgment about the content of law and newspaper articles. We selected policies initiated at municipality-level, not federal or state-level programs distributed by the city halls. We also excluded specific public initiatives or private sector initiatives without the participation of the city halls or only recognized by city halls 8. Analytical procedures. The critical initial step of fsQCA is to calibrate whether the outcome or a condition is present or not in a case.
Box A7 in the appendix describes the calibration criteria for each variable. Then, following the established criteria in the fsQCA literature, after analyzing the truth table, we adopted a 0. Analyzing the sample regarding public action, The percentages of those that provided one, two, and three aid programs, respectively, are Thus, Table A8 in the appendix presents the descriptive statistics for the contextual factors.
Box2 presents the results of fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis, showing three solutions consistent with preventing COVID transmission in the initial stages of the outbreak. For instance, solution 1a is characterized by the presence of both collaboration within the public sector and collaboration with the private sector, as well as by the absence of hospital beds.
Solution 1b has an absence of all conditions of resource munificence, and the presence of social vulnerability. Finally, solution 2 has both dimensions of resource munificence present in it, whereas all public action and governance conditions are absent. Before the discussion, it is worthwhile commenting on the social distancing procedures taken in the municipalities. First of all, despite its importance, social distancing laws were not explored in the model, because this was mainly a decision taken at the state-level rather than at the level of municipality.
Second, all municipalities adopted social distancing laws, and it seems reasonable to assume that social distancing is a ubiquitous practice in the sample. However, it is possible to track how many days it took from the first case to the closure of shops and schools in each municipality.
Box A9 in the appendix summarizes the analysis 9. Insights for municipality-level government officials. Figure 1 presents a visual representation of the decision-making process based on the results This can serve as a reference for public officials coping with the initial stage of COVID outbreaks in their locations. The first path solution 1a is limited by the lack of specialized resources, therefore, to avoid the spread of COVID, the local government has to develop plural collaboration across the public and private sectors. This path shows that in the absence of resources, collaborations might be the best strategy for local government.
Therefore, we call this the plural collaboration path. The second path solution 1b is constrained by the lack of available resources and threats from social vulnerability. The best strategy for local government is to design public actions such as the provision of aid and coordination with other public units to attenuate the spread of COVID Therefore, we call this the public action path. Finally, the third path solution 2 relies on the well-structured health system. In this case, the presence of healthcare resources guarantees a successful fight against the spread of COVID Therefore, we call it the resource-based path.
Note: The figure aims to illustrate the results building upon the interpretation of the QCA solutions. Therefore, the objective here is to facilitate the interpretation but not necessarily to be exhaustive. Contributions to the current public administration literature. Resource munificence interacts with the lack of network-based organizations, which contradicts a current public administration framework e.
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Thus, these findings contribute to a still understudied topic of crisis and disaster management in the field of Public Administration. The role of social vulnerability in the explanations for strategies to cope with public health emergencies can provide new insights into this debate. Taking into account the characteristics of the dataset and the methodological choices, the results are not generalizable. Instead of generalization, the results enable the elaboration of a mid-range theory applied to Brazilian municipality-level during the initial stages of the outbreak in the country.
Furthermore, solution 1b highlights the interaction between social vulnerability and government aid programs. However, this solution is also characterized by its location in the Southern Brazilian region and the small population size. Ahmed, F. The Lancet Public Health , 5 5 , e Andrews, R. International Public Management Journal , 12 1 , Ansell, C. Collaborative Governance in Theory and Practice. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory , 18 4 , Armocida, B. Bansal, P. Academy of Management Journal , 61 4 , Cabral, S. Civic festivals and collaborative governance.
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