It currently hosts over 6, students studying various sports-related fields. Those interested in studying business abroad should consider Cologne Business School CBS , one of the best business schools in Germany.
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There are many opportunities available for international students. Cologne is also home to four Max Planck Institutes, with various doctorate programme tracks in the fields of biology, neurology and sociology. As a student of a local university, you may be entitled to a North-Rhine-Westphalia student ticket, which allows extensive travel throughout the whole federal state for a relatively small price.
Cologne can also be reached easily via train or long distance buses from throughout continental Europe. Your gateway to universities in Europe. Study in Cologne, Germany Where the world feels at home. Notable accomplishments of the city in recent years include the title of European Capital of Culture on behalf of the whole Ruhr area in and the selection as the European Green Capital for Essen is located in the centre of the Ruhr area, one of the largest urban areas in Europe see also: megalopolis , comprising eleven independent cities and four districts with some 5.
The lake, a popular recreational area, dates from to , when some thousands of unemployed coal miners dredged it with primitive tools. Generally, large areas south of the River Ruhr including the suburbs of Schuir and Kettwig are quite green and are often quoted as examples of rural structures in the otherwise relatively densely populated central Ruhr area. Essen participates in a variety of networks and initiatives to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to improve the city's resilience in the face of climate change.
The lowest point can be found in the northern borough of Karnap at Essen comprises fifty boroughs which in turn are grouped into nine suburban districts called Stadtbezirke often named after the most important boroughs. Each Stadtbezirk is assigned a Roman numeral and has a local body of nineteen members with limited authority. Most of the boroughs were originally independent municipalities but were gradually annexed from to This long-lasting process of annexation has led to a strong identification of the population with "their" boroughs or districts and to a rare peculiarity: The borough of Kettwig , located south of the Ruhr River, and which was not annexed until , has its own area code.
Additionally allegedly due to relatively high church tax incomes , the Archbishop of Cologne managed to keep Kettwig directly subject to the Archdiocese of Cologne , whereas all other boroughs of Essen and some neighboring cities constitute the Diocese of Essen. Without large mountains and the presence of inland seas, it ends up extending a predominantly marine climate is found in Essen , usually a little more extreme and drier in other continents in such geographical location. The coldest month of the year is January, when the average temperature is 2.
Although scholars still dispute the interpretation of the name, [11] there remain a few noteworthy interpretations. The oldest known form of the city's name is Astnide , which changed to Essen by way of forms such as Astnidum, Assinde, Essendia and Esnede. The name Astnide may have referred either to a region where many ash trees were found or to a region in the East of the Frankish Empire.
The oldest archaeological find, the Vogelheimer Klinge , dates back to , — , BC. Land utilization was very high — especially due to mining activities during the Industrial Age — and any more major finds, especially from the Mesolithic era, are not expected. Finds from 3, BC and onwards are far more common, the most important one being a Megalithic tomb found in Simply called Steinkiste Chest of Stone , it is referred to as "Essen's earliest preserved example of architecture". Essen was part of the settlement areas of several Germanic peoples Chatti , Bructeri , Marsi , although a clear distinction among these groupings is difficult.
Recent research into Ptolemy 's Geographia has identified the polis or oppidum Navalia as Essen. Around , Saint Altfrid around — , the later Bishop of Hildesheim , founded an abbey for women coenobium Astnide in the centre of present-day Essen. The first abbess was Altfrid's relative Gerswit see also: Essen Abbey. In , Saint Liudger had already founded Benedictine Werden Abbey on its own grounds a few kilometers south.
The region was sparsely populated with only a few smallholdings and an old and probably abandoned castle. This abbey was not an abbey in the ordinary sense, but rather intended as a residence and educational institution for the daughters and widows of the higher nobility; led by an abbess, the members other than the abbess herself were not obliged to take vows of chastity.
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Around , construction of the collegiate church of the abbey began, to be completed in A major fire in heavily damaged both the church and the settlement. The church was rebuilt, expanded considerably, and is the foundation of the present Essen Cathedral. The first documented mention of Essen dates back to , when Zwentibold , King of Lotharingia , willed territory on the western bank of the River Rhine to the abbey. Another document, describing the foundation of the abbey and allegedly dating back to , is now considered an 11th-century forgery.
Essen - Wikipedia
She was to become the most important of all abbesses in the history of Essen. She reigned for over 40 years, and endowed the abbey's treasury with invaluable objects such as the oldest preserved seven branched candelabrum, and the Golden Madonna of Essen , the oldest known sculpture of the Virgin Mary in the western world.
It was under the reign of Teophanu that Essen, which had been called a city since , received the right to hold markets in Ten years later, Teophanu had the eastern part of Essen Abbey constructed. Its crypt contains the tombs of St. Altfrid, Mathilde II, and Teophanu herself. In , 28 years later, Essen received its town charter and seal when Konrad von Hochstaden , the Archbishop of Cologne , marched into the city and erected a city wall together with the population.
This proved a temporary emancipation of the population of the city from the princess-abbesses, but this lasted only until That year, King Rudolph I restored the princess-abbesses to full sovereignty over the city, much to the dismay of the population of the growing city, who called for self-administration and imperial immediacy.
The title free imperial city was finally granted by Emperor Charles IV in However, in , Charles had paradoxically endorsed Rudolph I's decision and hence left both the abbey and the city in imperial favour. Disputes between the city and the abbey about supremacy over the region remained common until the abbey's dissolution in Many lawsuits were filed at the Reichskammergericht , one of them lasting almost years. The final decision of the court in was that the city had to be "duly obedient in dos and don'ts" to the abbesses but could maintain its old rights—a decision that did not really solve any of the problems.
In , the city council, with its self-conception as the only legitimate ruler of Essen, introduced the Protestant Reformation. The Catholic abbey had no troops to counter this development. In , a "re-Catholicization" law was enacted, and churchgoing was strictly controlled. In , the city council filed against this at the Reichskammergericht.
Maria had to flee to Cologne when the Dutch stormed the city in She returned in the summer of following the Bavarians under Gottfried Heinrich Graf zu Pappenheim , only to leave again in September.
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She died in Cologne. The war proved a severe blow to the city, with frequent arrests, kidnapping and rape. Even after the Peace of Westphalia from , troops remained in the city until 9 September The first historic evidence of the important mining tradition of Essen date back to the 14th century, when the princess-abbess was granted mining rights. The first silver mine opened in , but the indisputably more important coal was not mentioned until , and coal mining only began in At the end of the 16th century, many coal mines had opened in Essen, and the city earned a name as a centre of the weapons industry.
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Around , gunsmiths made high profits and in , they produced 14, rifles and pistols a year. The city became increasingly important strategically. Resident in Essen since the 16th century, the Krupp family dynasty and Essen shaped each other. In , Friedrich Krupp founded Germany's first cast-steel factory in Essen and laid the cornerstone for what was to be the largest enterprise in Europe for a couple of decades.
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The weapon factories in Essen became so important that a sign facing the main railway station welcomed visitors Hitler and Mussolini to the "Armory of the Reich " German : Waffenschmiede des Reiches in Essen reached a population of , in Other industrialists, such as Friedrich Grillo , who in donated the Grillo-Theater to the city, also played a major role in the shaping of the city and the Ruhr area in the late 19th and early 20th century. Riots broke out in February following a breakdown in the supply of flour.
There were then strikes in the Krupp factory. On 11 January the Occupation of the Ruhr was carried out by the invasion of French and Belgian troops into the Ruhr. On the morning of 31 March it came to the sad culmination of this French-German confrontation. This event called 13 deaths and 28 injured. The occupation of the Ruhr ended in summer On the night of 10 November , the synagogue was sacked, but remained through the whole war in the exterior almost intact. Tens of thousands of forced laborers arrived in the Nazi era in Essen camps, forced to Forced labour under German rule during World War II at companies like Krupp, Siemens and for mining work.
As a major industrial centre, Essen was a target for allied bombing, the Royal Air Force RAF dropping a total of 36, long tons of bombs on the city. The Krupp decoy site German: Kruppsche Nachtscheinanlage was built in Velbert to divert Allied airstrikes from the actual production site of the arms factory in Essen. The Allied ground advance into Germany reached Essen in April The US th Parachute Infantry Regiment of the 17th Airborne Division , acting as regular infantry and not in a parachute role, entered the city unopposed and captured it on 10 April After the successful invasion of Germany by the allies, Essen was assigned to the British Zone of Occupation.
Although weaponry is no longer produced in Essen, old industrial enterprises such as ThyssenKrupp and RWE remain large employers in the city. The administration of Essen had for a long time been in the hands of the princess-abbesses as heads of the Imperial Abbey of Essen. However, from the 14th century onwards, the city council increasingly grew in importance.
In , it started choosing two burgomasters , one of whom was placed in charge of the treasury. In , Essen was granted imperial immediacy [29] but had to abandon this privilege later on. Between the early 15th and 20th centuries, the political system of Essen underwent several changes, most importantly the introduction of the Protestant Reformation in , the annexation of by Prussia , and the subsequent secularization of the principality in In they founded the Communist Workers' International.
Essen became one of the centres of resistance to Social Democracy and the Freikorps alike. The streets radiating outward to form a star shape, the sycamore in the middle of the square and the tramline running diagonally across the square give Borsigplatz its very own flair. In this district numerous magnificent buildings from the s and new buildings from the s are located next to the heritage-protected State Mining Office Dortmund, several Courts, Consulate and the East Cemetery. The district is characterize by the employee of the Amtsgericht, Landgericht the first and second instances of ordinary jurisdiction and the Prison.
The Moltkestreet also known as the Cherry Blossom Avenue, became famous after photographers started posting pictures of blooming trees. The Union District is located west of the former ramparts of Dortmund and follows the course of the Westenhellweg. Today it is developing an inspiring young artist scene, with more and more students thanks to cheaper apartments near the university and a vibrant gastronomy. This development benefits strongly from the new, widely visible beacon, the art and creative centre Dortmunder U, opened in Yet, for a time, it was mainly the Union Gewerbehof activists and other single stakeholders who initiated change.
Lake Phoenix was one of the largest urban redevelopment projects in Europe. On the area of the former blast furnace and steel plant site of ThyssenKrupp newly formed and developed a new urban resident and recreational area 3 kilometers 2 miles from the city centre of Dortmund. The water surface area of 24 acres is larger than the Hamburg Alster. Lake Phoenix is a shallow water lake with a depth of 3 to 4 meters and a capacity of around , cubic meters.
Attractive high priced residential areas were thus created on the southern and northern sides of the Lake. The finished sole is primarily fed by groundwater and unpolluted rainwater from the new building sites.
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Together with the renatured Emscher, the Lake forms a water landscape of 33 hectares, which, as a linking area, is an important element of the Emscher landscape park. The renaturation of the Emscher River is managed by the public water board Emschergenossenschaft. The financial frame is 4. The trail links tourist attractions related to the industrial heritage in the whole Ruhr area in Germany.
Other tall buildings are the churches around the city centre. A selection of the tallest office buildings in Dortmund is listed below.