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Contact Us. Know More. About Us. However, from to , the membership of Shenyang with the cities in the province demonstrated a gradual downward trend. The membership at the three time points was The degree of membership is increasing each year. The degree of urban membership with Jilin Province is the highest Among the other 39 cities, Shenyang had the strongest ties with Anshan, Fushun, and Liaoyang from to , and by , the strongest ties were with Anshan, Changchun, and Fushun in that order.
From a spatial viewpoint, Shenyang has relatively strong economic ties with the cities in the province, especially with the central and southern urban agglomerations of Liaoning. In addition, it is closely connected with most of the cities in Jilin Province, and few with Heilongjiang Province. Regarding the central city of Dalian, its total economic links with other cities are gradually increasing.
The subordination of Dalian and the cities in the province also gradually decreased at the three time points: At the same time, the affiliation degree of Dalian and cities outside the province is increasing Like Shenyang, and the affiliation of cities outside Jilin Province and Jilin Province is the highest. This was Shenyang, Anshan, and Changchun have always had strong links with Dalian, but in Changchun surpassed Anshan and took the second place.
From a spatial viewpoint, Dalian is closely connected with the cities in the province, while outside the province it has strong ties with Changchun and Harbin. For the central city of Changchun, the total amount of economic ties has continued to increase: from At the three time points from to , the economic affiliation of Changchun and the cities in the province demonstrated a growth trend: Although there is a downward trend, it still accounts for a high proportion. Among the 39 cities, Harbin, Jilin, and Shenyang have always had relatively strong economic ties with Changchun.
From a spatial viewpoint, except for the cities of Baicheng and Yanbian and the prefectures in Jilin Province, the links between cities and Changchun were slightly weaker, and the strength of economic links between other cities and Changchun was relatively high. In addition to the strength of the economic links between Changchun and Shenyang, Harbin, and Dalian, the cities of Daqing, Suihua, Tongliao, Anshan, Fushun, and Tieling have relatively strong economic ties.
From a spatial viewpoint, Changchun has strong ties with Jilin and Songyuan in the province, economic ties with other cities in the province are relatively weak, and ties with Shenyang and Harbin outside the province are relatively strong. For the central city of Harbin, the total amount of economic ties has increased 2. The affiliation of Harbin and cities in the province is declining slightly: Furthermore, the degree of affiliation with cities outside the province is relatively high: the province has the largest city subordination, followed by Liaoning, and the five cities in the Inner Mongolia District have the smallest.
The top three cities with economic ties to Harbin are Changchun, Daqing, and Suihua. In , Suihua surpassed Daqing to become its second-largest economically connected city. From a spatial perspective, except for the six cities of Qiqihar, Jixi, Daqing, Jiamusi, Mudanjiang, and Suihua, the economic strength of Harbin and other cities in the province is not very strong. Using formulas 2 — 4 , the Euclidean distance and its normalized value between Shenyang, Dalian, Changchun, and Harbin and 39 other cities in Northeast China can be calculated separately. Because of the relative competitiveness and complementarity between regions, when Shenyang is the central city, the relationship to Dalian is relatively compared with the relationship between the other 38 cities.
When Dalian is the central city, the relationship to Shenyang is also relatively compared with the relationship between the other 38 cities. The Euclidean distance between Shenyang and Dalian will not change, but when different cities are at the center, the standardized value of the Euclidean distance will change. With Shenyang as the central city, from to , the geoeconomic relationship between Shenyang and 39 other cities in Northeast China shifted from more competitive than complementary to more complementary than competitive. In , of the 39 other cities in Northeast China, 22 favored competition with Shenyang and 17 favored complementarity.
By , the cities favoring complementarity increased to 23 and those preferring competition decreased to Of these, all cities in Heilongjiang and Inner Mongolia are in a complementary state. In addition to Changchun, Tonghua, and Yanbian, other cities in the province also tend toward complementarity; however, the competitive relationship between Shenyang and other cities in Liaoning Province is intensifying and deepening. With Dalian as the central city, from to , the geoeconomic relationship between Dalian and other cities has also shifted from more competitive than complementary to more complementary than competitive.
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In , among the 39 other cities in Dalian and Northeast China, 25 favored competition and 14 complementarity. By , the number of cities competing with Dalian decreased to 18, and those favoring complementary increased to From a spatial perspective, in , , and , the geoeconomic relationship between Dalian and Heilongjiang and Inner Mongolia has tended to be complementary as a whole, except for Hulunbeier City.
Furthermore, the geoeconomic relationship between Dalian and Jilin Province is both complementary and competitive, while Dalian and the cities in Liaoning Province are in a state of competition. Except for Liaoyang, where the competitive relationship is slightly lower, that in other cities has intensified. With Changchun as the central city, the geoeconomic relationship between Changchun and 39 other cities from to was more competitive than complementary, but the gap was narrowing.
In , there were 25 competitive geoeconomic relations between Changchun and other cities, and only 14 were complementary. By , the number of competitive cities decreased to 20, and complementary cities increased to However, by the situation had changed again, with 22 competitive cities and 17 complementary cities. In contrast, competition with Hulunbeier in Inner Mongolia has intensified. Although the relationship with Tongliao City is complementary, the degree is decreasing, and while the relationship with Heilongjiang is mostly complementary, the overall degree of complementarity is also decreasing.
Relationship between Urban Economic Connections and Geoeconomic Relations in Northeast China
With Harbin as the central city, the geoeconomic relationship between Harbin and other cities from to changed from being more competitive than complementary to more complementary than competitive. In , 24 cities were in competition with Harbin and 15 were complementary. By , the number of cities in competition with Harbin decreased to 17, and the number of complementary cities increased to This shows that the geoeconomic relationship between Harbin and other surrounding cities is gradually becoming complementary, and the possibility of cooperation with other cities is increasing.
From a spatial perspective, in , , and , the geoeconomic relationship between Harbin and Liaoning Province has tended to be complementary. Except for Benxi, Panjin, and Yingkou, the other cities were complementary in The cities in Jilin Province were all competing in , except for Songyuan City, which was complementary. Furthermore, the degree of competition is intensifying.
The four urban areas of Inner Mongolia are both complementary and competitive, although the overall degree of competition is gradually intensifying. Finally, the degree of competition between Harbin and the cities in the province is also intensifying, except in Hegang and Yichun.
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To better investigate the complexity of urban connections in Northeast China, the above classification of economic connections and level of geoeconomic relations was used to match and analyze these connections and relations of the four central cities in Northeast China. Figure 2 provides the matching results.
The five categories of matching relationships were as follows: Deepening cooperation type with strong economic connection and strong complementarity; adjustment strategy type with strong economic connection and strong competitiveness; strengthening cooperation type with strong complementarity and weak economic connection; strengthening cooperation adjustment strategy type with strong competition and weak economic connection; strengthening cooperation and strengthening complementarity type with weak economic connection and general competition or complementarity.
Furthermore, while Shenyang has close economic ties with other regions, it has more competitive relationships, especially with other cities in Liaoning Province.
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In , the central city of Shenyang had a deepened cooperation with Harbin. The number of cities that strengthened cooperation with Shenyang decreased from six in to five in , and seven typified strategic adjustment with Shenyang the number remained unchanged.
Furthermore, at the two time points, the number of cities that strengthened their cooperation and complementarity with Shenyang increased from 22 to 23, respectively, and 4 cities strengthened their cooperation and adjustment strategies with Shenyang number remained unchanged. At the three time points from to , the seven cities of Dalian, Anshan, Fushun, Benxi, Liaoyang, Tieling, and Changchun had economically adjusted and had competitive strategic geoeconomic matching relationships with Shenyang.
Except for Changchun, the other six cities are closer to Shenyang in terms of spatial distance and have closer economic links, but because of their similarity in industrial structure, their competition is also fierce. Harbin has a geoeconomic matching relationship with deepened cooperation as well as close economic ties with Shenyang, but there are also complementary places. From to , the central city of Dalian had no deepening cooperation relationships with any cities, and the number of cities categorized as strengthening cooperation remained similar, decreasing from five to four.
Furthermore, 29 cities in and 28 in were categorized as strengthening cooperation and enhancing complementarity. Those that strengthened cooperation and had an adjustment strategy increased from zero in to four in and decreased to two in In , five cities—Changchun, Harbin, Shenyang, Anshan, and Yingkou—were strategically aligned with Dalian for economic adjustment.
However, with the division of labor and cooperation in the industry, the relationship between Harbin and Dalian changed from competition to complementarity, and the strategic type was adjusted. There are only four cities left, and those with strong economic ties and competition with Dalian are increasing, Yanbian, Liaoyang, and Huludao in , but with the development of Shenyang Economic Zone and transfer of industries, Fushun was added in The two cities of Benxi have changed into strengthened cooperation and adjusted strategy cities.
For the central city of Changchun, no cities had deepened cooperation with Changchun in , two did so in , and one in Four cities strengthened cooperation with Changchun, and the number of cities categorized for the three types of strategic adjustment remained four. Cities that strengthened cooperation and adjusted their strategic strategies with Changchun increased from 2 to 3, and those that strengthened cooperation and enhanced complementarity decreased from 29 to The four cities of Shenyang, Harbin, Jilin, and Siping are economically connected with Changchun and have competitively adjusted their strategic geoeconomic matching relationships.
Songyuan and Changchun are categorized as having a deepening cooperation-based geoeconomic matching relationship. Songyuan is adjacent to Changchun and is the destination of industrial transfer in Changchun. The industrial division of labor and cooperation between the two cities is close.