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Get air quality data where you live. Monitors Near Me Recent Trends. Location Search Location Search. The area is approximate. Settlement increased with the Donation Land Claim Act of and the forced relocation of the native population to Indian reservations in Oregon. In December , Oregon passed its Black Exclusion Law , which prohibited African Americans from entering the territory while simultaneously prohibiting slavery.
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Slave owners who brought their slaves with them were given three years before they were forced to free them. Any African Americans in the region after the law was passed were forced to leave, and those who did not comply were arrested and beaten. They received no less than twenty and no more than thirty-nine stripes across their bare back if they still did not leave.
This process could be repeated every six months. The territory's request for statehood was delayed several times, as members of Congress argued among themselves whether the territory should be admitted as a "free" or "slave" state. Eventually politicians from the south agreed to allow Oregon to enter as a "free" state, in exchange for opening slavery to the southwest United States.
Oregon was admitted to the Union on February 14, Founded as a refuge from disputes over slavery, Oregon had a "whites only" clause in its original state Constitution. Volunteer cavalry recruited in California were sent north to Oregon to keep peace and protect the populace. The First Oregon Cavalry served until June Beginning in the s, the growth of railroads expanded the state's lumber , wheat , and other agricultural markets, and the rapid growth of its cities.
On May 5, , six civilians were killed by a Japanese balloon bomb that exploded on Gearhart Mountain near Bly. The bombing site is now located in the Mitchell Recreation Area. Industrial expansion began in earnest following the —37 construction of the Bonneville Dam on the Columbia River. Hydroelectric power , food, and lumber provided by Oregon helped fuel the development of the West, although the periodic fluctuations in the U.
Portland in particular experienced a population boom between and , tripling in size; the arrival of World War II also provided the northwest region of the state with an industrial boom, where Liberty ships and aircraft carriers were constructed. During the s, the Pacific Northwest was particularly affected by the oil crisis , with Oregon suffering a substantial shortage.
In , Oregon became the first U. A measure to legalize recreational use of marijuana in Oregon was approved on November 4, , making Oregon only the second state at the time to have legalized gay marriage , physician-assisted suicide , and recreational marijuana. Oregon's population is largely concentrated in the Willamette Valley, which stretches from Eugene in the south home of the University of Oregon through Corvallis home of Oregon State University and Salem the capital to Portland Oregon's largest city.
Astoria , at the mouth of the Columbia River, was the first permanent English-speaking settlement west of the Rockies in what is now the United States. Oregon City , at the end of the Oregon Trail , was the Oregon Territory 's first incorporated city, and was its first capital from until , when the capital was moved to Salem.
Bend , near the geographic center of the state, is one of the ten fastest-growing metropolitan areas in the United States.
To the south, near the California border, is the city of Ashland. Eastern Oregon is very sparsely populated, but is home to Hermiston , which with a population of 18, is the largest and fastest growing city in the region. A writer in the Oregon Country book A Pacific Republic , written in , predicted the territory was to become an independent republic. Four years later, in , settlers of the Willamette Valley voted in majority for a republic government. Oregon maintained a territorial government until February 14, , when it was granted statehood.
Oregon state government has a separation of powers similar to the federal government. It has three branches:. Governors in Oregon serve four-year terms and are limited to two consecutive terms, but an unlimited number of total terms. The biennial Oregon Legislative Assembly consists of a thirty-member Senate and a sixty-member House. The state supreme court has seven elected justices, currently including the only two openly gay state supreme court justices in the nation.
They choose one of their own to serve a six-year term as Chief Justice. The debate over whether to move to annual sessions is a long-standing battle in Oregon politics, but the voters have resisted the move from citizen legislators to professional lawmakers. Because Oregon's state budget is written in two-year increments and, there being no sales tax, state revenue is based largely on income taxes, it is often significantly over- or under-budget. Recent legislatures have had to be called into special session repeatedly to address revenue shortfalls resulting from economic downturns, bringing to a head the need for more frequent legislative sessions.
Oregon Initiative 71, passed in , mandates the legislature to begin meeting every year, for days in odd-numbered years, and 35 days in even-numbered years. Oregonians have voted for the Democratic presidential candidate in every election since In and , Democrats won control of the state Senate , and then the House.
Since the late s, Oregon has been represented by four Democrats and one Republican in the U. House of Representatives. Since , the state has had two Democratic U. Oregon voters have elected Democratic governors in every election since , most recently electing Kate Brown over Republican Bud Pierce in a special election for a two-year term, and re-electing her for a full four-year term over Republican Knute Buehler in The base of Democratic support is largely concentrated in the urban centers of the Willamette Valley. The eastern two-thirds of the state beyond the Cascade Mountains typically votes Republican; in and , George W.
Bush carried every county east of the Cascades. However, the region's sparse population means the more populous counties in the Willamette Valley usually outweigh the eastern counties in statewide elections.
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In the general election, Oregon voters approved a ballot measure to increase the state minimum wage automatically each year according to inflationary changes, which are measured by the consumer price index CPI. Like all U. Since the census , Oregon has had five congressional districts. After Oregon was admitted to the Union, it began with a single member in the House of Representatives La Fayette Grover , who served in the 35th United States Congress for less than a month. Congressional apportionment increased the size of the delegation following the censuses of , , , and A detailed list of the past and present Congressional delegations from Oregon is available.
The court has courthouses in Portland , Eugene , Medford, and Pendleton. Also in Portland is the federal bankruptcy court, with a second branch in Eugene. One of the court's meeting places is at the Pioneer Courthouse in downtown Portland, a National Historic Landmark built in Political opinions in Oregon are geographically split by the Cascade Range , with western Oregon being more liberal and Eastern Oregon being conservative.
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While Republicans typically win more counties by running up huge margins in the east, the Democratic tilt of the more populated west is usually enough to swing the entire state Democratic. In , for instance, Republican Senate incumbent Gordon H. Smith lost his bid for a third term, even though he carried all but eight counties. His Democratic challenger, Jeff Merkley , won Multnomah County by , votes, more than double the overall margin of victory. During Oregon's history, it has adopted many electoral reforms proposed during the Progressive Era , through the efforts of William S.
U'Ren and his Direct Legislation League. Under his leadership, the state overwhelmingly approved a ballot measure in that created the initiative and referendum for citizens to introduce or approve proposed laws or amendments to the state constitution directly, making Oregon the first state to adopt such a system. Today, roughly half of U. In following years, the primary election to select party candidates was adopted in , and in the Oregon Constitution was amended to include recall of public officials.
More recent amendments include the nation's first doctor-assisted suicide law, [] called the Death with Dignity Act which was challenged, unsuccessfully, in by the Bush administration in a case heard by the U. Supreme Court , legalization of medical cannabis , and among the nation's strongest anti-urban sprawl and pro-environment laws. However, a further ballot measure in , Measure 49 , curtailed many of the provisions of Of the measures placed on the ballot since , the people have passed 99 of the initiatives and 25 of the 61 referendums on the ballot, though not all of them survived challenges in courts see Pierce v.
Society of Sisters , for an example.
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During the same period, the legislature has referred measures to the people, of which have passed. Oregon pioneered the American use of postal voting , beginning with experimentation approved by the Oregon Legislative Assembly in and culminating with a ballot measure mandating that all counties conduct elections by mail. It remains one of just two states, the other being Washington , where voting by mail is the only method of voting. In , Oregon adopted the Oregon Health Plan , which made health care available to most of its citizens without private health insurance. In the U.
Electoral College , Oregon casts seven votes. Oregon has supported Democratic candidates in the last eight elections. In the election, Hillary Clinton won Oregon by 11 percentage points. In , Oregon was 28th in the U. Oregon ranks 33rd in the U. Oregon's unemployment rate was 5. Oregon's diverse landscapes provide ideal environments for various types of farming. Land in the Willamette Valley owes its fertility to the Missoula Floods , which deposited lake sediment from Glacial Lake Missoula in western Montana onto the valley floor.
While the history of the wine production in Oregon can be traced to before Prohibition , it became a significant industry beginning in the s. In , Oregon ranked third among U. In , 71 wineries opened in the state. Cranberry cultivation in Oregon uses about 27, acres square kilometers in southern Coos and northern Curry counties, centered around the coastal city of Bandon. In the northeastern region of the state, particularly around Pendleton , both irrigated and dry land wheat is grown. Vast forests have historically made Oregon one of the nation's major timber -producing and logging states, but forest fires such as the Tillamook Burn , over-harvesting, and lawsuits over proper management of the extensive federal forest holdings have reduced the timber produced.
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Even the shift in recent years towards finished goods such as paper and building materials has not slowed the decline of the timber industry in the state. The effects of this decline have included Weyerhaeuser 's acquisition of Portland-based Willamette Industries in January , the relocation of Louisiana-Pacific 's corporate headquarters from Portland to Nashville , and the decline of former lumber company towns such as Gilchrist.
Oregon has one of the largest salmon -fishing industries in the world, although ocean fisheries have reduced the river fisheries in recent years. Tourism is also a strong industry in the state. Tourism is centered on the state's natural features — mountains, forests, waterfalls, rivers, beaches and lakes, including Crater Lake National Park , Multnomah Falls , the Painted Hills , the Deschutes River , and the Oregon Caves.
Mount Hood and Mount Bachelor also draw visitors year-round for skiing and other snow activities. Portland has also been named the best city in the world for street food by several publications, including the U. The state's coastal region produces significant tourism as well. The Sea Lion Caves in Florence are the largest system of sea caverns in the United States, and also attract many visitors. Oregon has also historically been a popular region for film shoots due to its diverse landscapes, as well as its proximity to Hollywood see List of films shot in Oregon.
Oregon native Matt Groening , creator of The Simpsons , has incorporated many references from his hometown of Portland into the TV series. High technology industries located in Silicon Forest have been a major employer since the s. Tektronix was the largest private employer in Oregon until the late s. Intel 's creation and expansion of several facilities in eastern Washington County continued the growth that Tektronix had started.