One is that this voluminous post-caldera magma is the remnant of the 7. To assess these, chemical compositions of Kikai central dome rhyolites are compared with those of syn- and post-caldera ejecta. Essential pumices in both plinian fall deposits and ignimbrites during the 7. Further high-resolution geochemical examination for post-caldera stage rocks and geophysical imaging focusing on the region of magma storage in Kikai caldera are needed in order to reveal the evolution of the whole caldera cycle. The ROV has neutral weight in seawater and is connected to a sinker to stabilize position of ROV with a m tether cable.
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To ensure a sub-metric error on the beam positioning, the system was interfaced with Differential Global Positioning System and Motion Reference Unit Kongsberg for attitude determination and motion compensation. The in-situ water sound speed was provided for a proper beam steering by two ways; continuous sound velocity probes were carried out by an on-keel station, located near the multibeam transducers, and the sound-speed profiles in the water column were acquired by XCTD profiling every leg of the cruise approximately once a week.
Noise reduction due to accidental-instrumental spikes and poor quality beam exclusion were carried out by mean of swath editing and de-spiking tools. Seismic pulses were generated by the mini GI gun configured of a 30 in.
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Seismic reflections were received by the mini-streamer which consists of 6 channel hydrophones with a 6. The received reflection signals were recorded at an 1-msec. The vessel run at an average speed of 4. The acquired data was processed with static correction, band-pass filter, amplitude recovery, constant velocity stack with The data are also visualized with an Automatic Gain Control. Rock samples were cut into slabs, repeatedly boiled in distilled water for removing brine contamination, coarsely crushed and then powdered in an alumina mil.
Major element compositions were obtained by a standard XRF technique with fused glass beads. At the present stage we have no supplementary information accompanying this manuscript. However, we are happy with publishing such information if necessary. Rampino, M. Volcanic winters. Earth Planet Sci. Self, S. The effects and consequences of very large explosive volcanic eruptions.
A , — Hildreth, W. Early postcaldera rhyolite and structural resurgence at Long Valley Caldera, California. Smith, R. Resurgent cauldrons. Google Scholar. Wilson, C. Chesner, C. The Toba caldera complex.
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Christiansen, R. Geodynamics of the Yellowstone hotspot and mantle plume: seismic and GPS imaging, kinematics, and mantle flow. Bailey, R. Tatsumi, Y. Cause and risk of catastrophic eruptions in the Japanese Archipelago. B 90 , — Onodera, K. Preliminary report of the survey in and around Kikai caldera submarine volcano.
Ujike, O. Econ, Geol 81 , — Nakamura, K. Marine geological survey in the Kikai caldera with special reference to the occurrence of giant pumices, the detailed survey of topography and the measurement of sea water temperature. Deep Sea Res. Ono, K. Geology of the Satsuma-Io-Jima District. Quadrangle Series, Scale Machida, H. Geomorphology of Japan 7 Kyushu—Nansei syotou. Tokyo Press. Maeno, F. Spatiotemporal evolution of a marine caldera-forming eruption, generating a low-aspect ratio pyroclastic flow, 7.
Hayakawa, Y. Yamamoto, T. Cumulative volume step-diagrams for eruptive magmas from major Quaternary volcanoes in Japan. Silicic lava dome growth in the — Showa Iwo-jima eruption, Kikai caldera, south of Kyushu, Japan. Helium isotopes at Satsuma Iwojima volcano, Japan. Kazahaya, K. Degassing process of Satsuma-Iwojima volcano, Japan: supply of volatile components from a deep magma chamber.
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Earth Planets Space 54 , — Lipman, P. The roots of Ash flow calderas in Western North America: windows into the tops of granitic batholiths. Elston, W. Mid-Tertiary ash flow tuff cauldrons, southwestern New Mexico. Cole, J. Okataina Volcanic Centre, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand: a review of volcanism and synchronous pluton development in an active, dominantly silicic caldera system. Earth Sci. They also agreed to return Negishi Dependent Housing Area after housing units and support facilities were built at Ikego.
The Fukaya and Kamiseya communication sites were returned in and the number of housing units to be built at Ikego was reduced. In , the number of units shrank to Further details of the new plans will be released at a future date, Chief Cabinet Secretary Yoshihide Suga told reporters Wednesday.
Home News Pacific. Further routes are still under construction. Below is a map showing the major operational expressways. Foreign visitors should encounter few problems using Japanese expressways, since all important signs are written in both, Japanese and English.
The use of most expressways is subject to tolls, which can be paid at manual toll gates by cash or credit card or by passing through automatic ETC electronic toll collection gates. ETC cards require ownership of a Japanese credit card and provide discounts during certain times of the day and week.
Short term visitors to Japan can acquire ETC cards temporarily from some rental car outlets. The table below shows approximate costs for a regular vehicle between selected major cities. Lower rates apply to light vehicles and motorcycles, while higher rates apply to trucks, buses and trailers. There are a few passes available to foreign visitors that grant unlimited use of designated expressways within a particular coverage area and for a set number of days.