Later the city was occupied around BC by language Isolate speaking Zagros Mountains dwellers who were known as the Gutian people by the Semitic and Sumerian of Mesopotamians. Arraphkha was the capital of the short-lived Guti kingdom Gutium , before it was destroyed and the Gutians driven from Mesopotamia by the Neo-Sumerian Empire c.
However, by the middle of the 2nd millennium B. In the s they attacked Assyria, sacking Assur , and bringing the cities of Gasur and Arrapkha under their control. In the 11th and 10th centuries BC the city rose to prominence, becoming an important city in Assyria until the fall of the Neo-Assyrian Empire — BC. The city briefly came to be part of the short-lived Median Empire before falling to the Achaemenid Empire — BC where it was incorporated into the province of Athura Achaemenid Assyria.
During the persecution, about 1, were martyred in Arrapha. The city remained a part of the Sassanid Empire until the Islamic conquest in the mid 7th century AD. Arab Muslims fought the Sassanid empire in the 7th century AD, conquering the region. The city was a part of the Islamic Caliphate until the tenth century. Kirkuk and the surrounding areas were then ruled by the Seljuk Turks for many years.
- hook up city in Dhaka Bangladesh.
- Navigation menu.
- Site Navigation.
After the divided empire collapsed, the city became a part of Turkic Zengid dynasty for a century. After the Mongol invasion, the Ilkhanate State was founded in the region and the city became a part of the Mongol Ilkhanate. Abandoning the city after about two weeks, the British returned to Kirkuk a few months later after the Armistice of Mudros. Kirkuk avoided the troubles caused by the British-backed Shaykh Mahmud, who quickly attempted to defy the British and establish his own fiefdom in Sulaymaniyah.
As both Turkey and Great Britain desperately wanted control of the Vilayet of Mosul of which Kirkuk was a part , the Treaty of Lausanne in failed to solve the issue. For this reason, the question of Mosul was sent to the League of Nations. A committee travelled to the area before coming to a final decision: the territory south of the "Brussels line" belonged to Iraq. Blaze" or father blaze in Kurdish near Kirkuk.
The IPC began exports from the Kirkuk oil field in The Company moved its headquarters from Tuz Khurmatu to a camp on the outskirts of Kirkuk, which they named Arrapha after the ancient city. Arrapha remains a large neighborhood in Kirkuk to this day. The IPC exercised significant political power in the city and played a central role in Kirkuk's urbanization, initiating housing and development projects in collaboration with Iraqi authorities in the s and s.
The presence of the oil industry had an effect on Kirkuk's demographics. The exploitation of Kirkuk's oil, which began around , attracted both Arabs and Kurds to the city in search of work. Kirkuk, which had been a predominantly Iraqi Turkmen city, gradually lost its uniquely Turkmen character. The influx of Kurds into Kirkuk continued through the s. Some analysts believe that poor reservoir -management practices during the Saddam Hussein years may have seriously, and even permanently, damaged Kirkuk's oil field.
Other problems include refinery residue and gas-stripped oil. Fuel oil reinjection has increased oil viscosity at Kirkuk making it more difficult and expensive to get the oil out of the ground. In response to these attacks, which cost Iraq billions of US dollars in lost oil-export revenues and repair costs, the US military set up the Task Force Shield to guard Iraq's energy infrastructure and the Kirkuk-Ceyhan Oil Pipeline in particular. In spite of the fact that little damage was done to Iraq's oil fields during the war itself, looting and sabotage after the war ended was highly destructive and accounted for perhaps eighty percent of the total damage.
The discovery of vast quantities of oil in the region after World War I provided the impetus for the annexation of the former Ottoman Vilayet of Mosul of which the Kirkuk region was a part , to the Iraqi Kingdom, established in Since then and particularly from onwards, there have been continuous attempts to transform the ethnic make-up of the region. Pipelines from Kirkuk run through Turkey to Ceyhan on the Mediterranean Sea and were one of the two main routes for the export of Iraqi oil under the Oil-for-Food Programme following the Gulf War of There were two parallel lines built in and In the Iraqi government reached an agreement with Kurdish leader Mustafa Barzani called the March Agreement of , but the question of whether the oil-rich province of Kirkuk would be included within the Kurdish autonomous region remained unresolved, pending a new census.
- adult personals dating Olinda Brazil.
- dating agency man near Bloemfontein South Africa;
- speed dating central near Agra India.
Despite the signing of the March Agreement, relations between the Kurds and Iraqi government continued to deteriorate due to the unresolved status of Kirkuk, and there were two attempts to assassinate Barzani in In response to Barzani's continued demands during the early s for Kirkuk to be recognized as part of the autonomous region under the terms of the March Agreement, settlement construction for newly arrived Arab families increased drastically as the Ba'athist government implemented Arabization policies to increase the Arab population of Kirkuk. Kurds were forbidden from buying property in Kirkuk, and could sell their properties only to Arabs.
They were denied permission to renovate properties in need of maintenance, and poor Shi'a Arab families were paid to move to Kirkuk, while Kurds were paid to move out.
Free Dating Kirkuk | Dating with Singles Nearby | Sentimente
Many disputes persisted between the Kurds and Arabs and the conflict escalated into the Second Iraqi—Kurdish War also called the Barzani rebellion. The rebellion collapsed after Iran withdrew its support for Barzani's forces following the Algiers Agreement and the Ba'ath regime intensified Arabization efforts.
After Barzani's rebellion was defeated in , the districts of Chamchamal and Kalar, which had been part of Kirkuk, became part of Sulaymaniyah Province, and Kifri became part of Diyala Province. Other Arab-populated districts, like Zab , became part of Kirkuk. The expulsions continued after the uprisings. Kurdish villages were razed and thousands of new homes were built, including at least homes for relatives of Iraqi soldiers killed during the Iran-Iraq War.
In the Iraqi government, led by then Vice-President Saddam Hussein, nationalized the Iraqi Petroleum Company IPC , after being unable to reach an agreement that would increase oil exports and resolve a longstanding dispute over Law 80 of After reaching an agreement with the Iraqis in , the IPC members were able to retain some of their interests in southern Iraq through the Basra Petroleum Company but had lost Iraq's main oilfields, including the Kirkuk field. In the aftermath of the Iraqi army's defeat, rebellions broke out in Iraq; first in southern Iraq on March 1, and in the northern Kurdish region a few days later.
By March 24, Kurdish Peshmerga forces had seized control of Kirkuk, but they were only able to hold it until March 28 when it was reclaimed by Hussein's forces. Arab families were expelled from the Kurdish region and relocated to Kirkuk, which was controlled by the Iraqi government. In these circumstances, Hussein's government further intensified the decades long policy of Arabization in Kirkuk, requiring that Turkmen, Kurds and Assyrians fill out "ethnic identity correction" forms and register as Arabs and many who refused to comply were forcibly relocated north of the Green Line.
Kurdish peshmerga fighters assisted in the capture of Kirkuk. Though the peshmerga were allowed to operate even after the Coalition Provisional Authority CPA disbanded and outlawed most of the armed militias in Iraq, the peshmerga were eventually asked to withdraw from Kirkuk and other Kurdish held provinces.
Opportunities
Under the supervision of chief executive of Coalition Provisional Authority L. Paul Bremer , a convention was held on 24 May to select the first City Council in the history of this oil-rich, ethnically divided city. Each of the city's four major ethnic groups was invited to send a member delegation from which they would be allowed to select six to sit on the City Council. Another six council members were selected from among delegates to represent independents social groups such as teachers, lawyers, religious leaders and artists.
Kirkuk's 30 members council is made up of five blocs of six members each. Four of those blocs are formed along ethnic lines— Kurds , Arabs , Assyrian and Turkmen —and the fifth is made up of independents which meant 10 more council seats given to two main Kurdish Parties by Paul Bremer as token of appreciation for cooperation with American Forces. Turkmen and Arabs complained that the Kurds allegedly hold five of the seats in the independent block. They were also infuriated that their only representative at the council's helm was an assistant mayor whom they considered pro-Kurdish. On 30 June , through a secret direct voting process, with the participation of the widest communities in the province and despite all the political legal security complexities of this process in the country generally and in Kirkuk in particular, Kirkuk witnessed the birth of its first elected Provincial Council.
The new Kirkuk Provincial Council started its second turn on 6 March Its inaugural session was dedicated to the introduction of its new members, followed by an oath ceremony supervised by Judge Thahir Hamza Salman, the Head of Kirkuk Appellate Court. Kirkuk is located in a disputed area of Iraq that runs from Sinjar on the Syrian border southeast to Khanaqin and Mandali on the Iranian border.
After the Ba'athist regimes demographic and redistricting policies were undone a census and referendum would determine whether Kirkuk would be administered by the KRG or Baghdad. Following the parliamentary election , the Kurds signed the Erbil Agreement and backed Nouri al-Maliki on the condition that Article would be implemented. Three churches in Kirkuk were targeted with bombs in August A few days prior, on 11 July , over 40 people were killed in a series of bombings and shootings across Iraq, including in Kirkuk.
Witnesses reported multiple explosions and gun battles in the city, most centered on a government compound. At least 11 workers, including several Iranians, were killed by a suicide bomber at a power plant in nearby Dibis. While Kurdish forces held the city, Kurdish authorities attempted to Kurdify the city. Turkmen and Arab residents in Kirkuk experienced intimidation, harassment and were forced to leave their homes, in order to increase the Kurdish demographic in Kirkuk and bolster their claims to the city.
Multiple Human Rights Watch reports detail the confiscation of Turkmen and Arab families' documents, preventing them from voting, buying property and travelling. Turkmen residents of Kirkuk were detained by Kurdish forces and compelled to leave the city.
Tools & Converters
Kurdish authorities expelled hundreds of Arab families from the city, demolishing their homes in the process. United Nations reports since have documented that Kurdish authorities and Peshmerga militia forces were illegally policing Kirkuk and other disputed areas, and that these militia have abducted Turkmen and Arabs, subjecting them to torture.
Kirkuk has been a disputed territory for around eighty years — Kurds have wanted Kirkuk to become part of Kurdistan Region , which is opposed by the region's Arab and Turkmen populations. The Kurds were promised a referendum to resolve Kirkuk's status under Article of the Iraqi Constitution. Following the parliamentary election the Kurds signed the Erbil Agreement and backed Nouri al-Maliki on the condition that Article would be implemented. The most reliable census concerning the ethnic composition of Kirkuk dates back to The Turkish-speaking Iraqi Turkmen formed the majority in the city of Kirkuk, while the Kurds were the largest group in the Kirkuk Governorate.
The governorate borders were later altered, the province was renamed al-Ta'mim and Kurdish dominated districts were added to Erbil and Sulaymaniyah provinces, meaning today's Kirkuk Province does not include Kurdish areas. A report by the International Crisis Group points out that figures from the and censuses "are all considered highly problematic, due to suspicions of regime manipulation" because Iraqi citizens were only allowed to indicate belonging to either the Arab or Kurdish ethnic groups; [77] consequently, this skewed the number of other ethnic minorities.
The refugees were sent to camps for the displaced or to their places of origin. Some of the displaced described themselves as locals and not as internally displaced. The earliest arrivals date back to the Umayyads and Abbasid eras, when they arrived as military recruits. Kirkuk remained under the control of the Seljuq Empire for 63 years. However, the largest Turkic migration waves occurred during the four centuries of Ottoman rule — when Turkish migrants from Anatolia were encouraged to settle in the region; [79] indeed, it is largely from this period that modern Turkmens claim association with Anatolia and the modern Turkish state.
The Turkmens were the majority in the city center, dominating the political and economic life of the area. Currently Iraqi Turkmen politicians hold just over 20 percent of seats on Kirkuk's city council, while Turkmen leaders say they make up nearly a third of the city. The Assyrians have an ancient history in Kirkuk, as they do throughout northern Iraq.
As Arrapha it was a part of the Old Assyrian Empire c. After this it was an integral part of Achaemenid Assyria Athura , and during the Parthian Empire was centre to an independent Neo-Assyrian state named Beth Garmai , before being incorporated into Assuristan by the Sassanid Empire. The Seleucid town, like many other Upper Mesopotamian cities had a significant indigenous Assyrian population.
Persecution resumed under Yazdegerd II in A. Their situation greatly improved under the Sasanians in the following two centuries after the advent of a national Persian church of free of Byzantine influence, namely Nestorianism. Their situation greatly improved under the Sasanians in the following two centuries. Tradition puts the death toll at 12, among them the patriarch Shemon Bar Sabbae.
During the Ottoman period most of Kirkuk's Christians followed the Chaldean Catholic Church whose bishop resided in the Cathedral of the Great Martyrion which dates back to the 5th century.